Developments in Race Relations

1. Developments in Race Relations

2. 19th C • 1840 - Political and military necessity to treat Maori as equals – Belgrave • Later – Settlers viewed Maori as an impediment • J. Soames (NZ Co.) 1843 – Treaty a ‘praiseworthy device for amusing and pacifying savages for the moment.’ • Maori didn’t sell land as fast as expected – belief in native title decreased • 1846 Wasteland policy • Commitment to ToW decreased as no. of settlers increased • Swainson – Crown had no authority over those that didn’t sign • Rejected – NZ Wars • O’Malley 1999 – Land sales mini-treaties – piecemeal extension of sovereignty • 1860s – Crown more able to enforce its view of sovereignty • Land sales, population swamping

3. Redress 1870s – 1920s • Limited success using parliament and courts • 1891 Rees-Carroll and 1908 Stout-Ngata Commissions – little impact restraining demand for land • Trust Boards – some success gaining compensation but not return – Taranaki/Tainui confiscations

4. Late 19th – early 20th Century • Separatists – Kotahitanga 1892, Kingitanga • Maori MPs – James Carroll, Hone Heke • ‘Young Maori Party’ – ApiranaNgata, TeRangihiroa (Peter Buck), Maui Pomare • No question of accepting govt sovereignty • To survive Maori had to abandon traditions that hindered progress in modern world • 1907 Tohunga Suppression Act • Ngata – government loans and land consolidation • Coates – sympathetic to Maori concerns • Sim Commission 1926 – found confiscations were largely unjust

5. Sir ApiranaNgata

7. Maui Pomare

8. Peter Buck

9. WW1 • Maori Pioneer Battalion • Anti-recruitment - Taranaki, NgātiManiapoto and Tainui–Waikato

11. Ngata’s explanation of the Treaty 1922 • Worried about Maori protest relying on treaty • Already had access to centre of politics – no need to focus on Treaty • Ngata had mana – explanation carried weight • Ignored Maori version – said Maori had transferred chiefly authority forever • Objective – stop Maori wasting energy on protest rather than gaining reasonable benefits from govt allowed in English version • Still concerned – customary fishing rights (A2) vs Queen’s Chain and 3 mile limit (A3)

12. Pakeha

13. What’s all this Treaty business?

14. Pakeha understanding • Limited understanding of the treaty – limits ability to redress • Textbooks • 1888 text - ‘The white race is at present the most powerful. White men are the best scholars and the best workers.’ • NZ Graphic Reader 6th book 1900 – ‘The rights of the natives under the treaty have been respected and they themselves do not complain that any of its provisions have been unduly strained or arbitrarily set aside’ • Our Nation’s Story 1928 – Treaty ‘the fairest treaty ever made between Europeans and a native race’ • Treaty not compulsory until later 20th C

15. The Cultural Crutch

16. Collective Understanding and Dominant Narratives

20. What does this say about Pakeha knowledge of Maori and the separation of the races?

21. Who matters?

22. Errr . . .

24. Continuing protest • 1941 – TeHoaniTeHeuHeu case – Privy Council ruled that ToW had no force in domestic law • Standard ruling – treaties have no power unless enacted • 1945-55 – 10 royal commissions

25. WW2 Service

26. The Price of Citizenship

27. Postwar • Urbanisation • Increasing pan-tribal unity

28. Maori Urbanisation

29. Dispossession and marginalisation • Maori disproportionately labourers, unskilled and jailed • 1963 – 93.3% of Maori boys left school without qualsvs 67.4% of Pakeha • 1967 Maori Affairs Amendment Act and new rating legislation – couldn’t afford to pay rates and could lose land • Emphasis on equal rights through integration • Hunn Report 1961 • Did not consult Maori

30. 1960s-70s • National – thought uneconomic, fragmented landholdings were holding Maori back – more land acquisition • No National Maori MPs until 1975 • New Zealand Day 1974 • ‘We are all NZers’ – assimilation by another name?

31. Pepper potting

32. Results of losing cultural supports?

33. The new generation • New Maori leaders – young, university educated, unionists • ‘Maori renaissance’ • Challenged Maori compliance with Pakeha – thought it was too accepting of Maori disadvantage

34. Maori Language Petition 1972

35. Context • Black Civil Rights movement, indigenous protest in US, Canada and Australia • Historiography – Marxist, non-Western and post-colonial approaches • Write ‘missing’ history • Tell story of survival in the face of Western imperialism and culture

36. Nga Tama Toa You protest the Springboks, but is NZ any better than South Africa? Learn NZ history!

37. The Treaty Returns • Early protest – saw treaty as a fraud – should be abandoned • 1972 Ruth Ross article • Maori began to appeal for sovereignty vs Article 2 of the English version • Protest to address injustice • 1980s – Waitangi Action Group • Matiu Rata – Labour Minister of Maori Affairs – urged govt to address grievances

43. Protest • 1975 Hikoi – politicised Maori • 1977-78 – Bastion Point occupation • 1978 – Raglan Golf Course

46. 1975 Treaty of Waitangi Act • Created Waitangi Tribunal – appointed by Governor-General • Applies only to actions by Crown • Recognised both versions and set out the principles – self regulation, redress, duty to consult • No privately held land to be returned • Have to prove claimants would have been better off without Crown action • At first – only contemporary claims • 1984 – Retrospective claims • Can recommend but not enforce, except return of some land (1988-90) • Have to convince govt of political sense of settlement – change hist for present conflicts • Section 7 – No trivial or vexatious claims • Section 6AA – No historic claims to be lodged after September 2008

47. Big Claims • 1983 – Motonui – sewage outfall contaminated fishing grounds • 1984 – Kaituna – Rotorua proposal to divert sewage to river • 1986 Te Reo report – Te Reo a taonga • Made an official language 1987 • 1992 Muriwhenua– Maori given 20% of fishing quota • 1998 NgaiTahu – Land sales - $170 million compensation and resource management rights

48. Land Claims • Growing dissatisfaction with ‘grievance industry’ • 1994 ‘Fiscal Envelope’ – to appease Pakeha voters • Later dropped • 7th Form History – Less than 1/3 took NZ option • Persistent myths

49. Maori language proficiency