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CHAPTER 14 SECTION 1 DICTATORS OF WAR

CHAPTER 14 SECTION 1 DICTATORS OF WAR. THE EFFECTS OF WWI AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION TOUCHED ALMOST EVERY CORNER OF THE WORLD – LED TO THE RISE OF A NEW KIND OF BRUTAL DICTATORSHIP – THE TOTALITARIAN STATE – WOULD DESTROY THE PEACE ESTABLISHED AFTER

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CHAPTER 14 SECTION 1 DICTATORS OF WAR

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  1. CHAPTER 14 SECTION 1 DICTATORS OF WAR

  2. THE EFFECTS OF WWI AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION • TOUCHED ALMOST EVERY CORNER OF THE WORLD • – LED TO THE RISE OF A NEW KIND OF BRUTAL • DICTATORSHIP • – THE TOTALITARIAN STATE • – WOULD DESTROY THE PEACE ESTABLISHED AFTER • WORLD WAR I AND SPARK A NEW EVEN DEADLIER • GLOBAL CONFLICT

  3. NOVEMBER 1918 • –WORLD WAR I ENDED WHEN GERMANY SURRENDERED • TO THE ALLIES • 1919 • – DELEGATES FROM 27 NATIONS MET IN VERSAILLES TO • COME UP WITH THE PEACE AGREEMENT • – THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES • – BRITAIN, FRANCE AND THE U.S. HAD THE MOST SAY IN • MOST OF THE DECISIONS • – GERMANY RESENTED IT MOST BECAUSE IT WAS THE • ROUGHEST ON THEM

  4. ITALY AND JAPAN • – BOTH MEMBERS OF THE ALILES • – DID NOT LIKE THE TREATY EITHER • – DID NOT GET AS MUCH LAND AS THEY WANTED • “THE WAR TO END ALL WARS” • - AS WOODROW WILSON CALLED WWI • – LEFT BEHIND BITTERNESS, ANGER, FRUSTRATION AND • DESPAIR AND A DESIRE FOR REVENGE

  5. Totalitarianism • MANY NATIONS EMBRACED REPRESSIVE • DICTATORSHIPS AND TOTALITARIANISM • – A THEORY OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH A SINGLE • PARTY OR LEADER CONTROLS THE ECONOMIC, • SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIVES OF ITS PEOPLE • TOTALITARIANISM IS MORE EXTREME THAN A SIMPLE • DICTATORSHIP • – TOTALITARIANISM RESULTED BECAUSE OF THE • DESTRUCTION AND BITTERNESS LEFT BEHIND BY • WORLD WAR I AND THE DESPERATION CAUSED BY THE • GREAT DEPRESSION

  6. Characteristics of a Totalitarian State • SINGLE PARTY DICTATORSHIP EXERTING • CONTROL OVER ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE • STRONG, CHARISMATIC LEADER OFTEN AT • HEAD OF GOVERNMENT • 3. STATE CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY • USE OF POLICE, SPIES AND TERROR TO • ENFORCE THE WILL OF THE STATE • GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF THE MEDIA • AND USE OF PROPAGANDA TO • INDOCTRINATE CITIZENS • USE OF SCHOOLS AND YOUTH • ORGANIZATIONS TO SPREAD IDEOLOGY TO • CHILDREN • STRICT CENSORSHIP OF ARTISTS, • INTELLECTUALS AND POLITICAL RIVALS • WITH DISSENTING OPINIONS

  7. Soviet Union & Italy • THE 1917 COMMUNIST REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA INAUGURATED THE FIRST TOTALITARIAN STATE • – VLADIMIR LENIN • – CREATED THE BEGINNINGS OF A • TOTALITARIAN SYSTEM OF CONTROL • TO MAINTAIN POWER • – RESULTED IN CIVIL WAR, STARVATION, • FAMINE AND THE DEATH OF MILLIONS • OF RUSSIANS

  8. Soviet Union & Italy • JOSEPH STALIN • – TOOK CONTROL OF RUSSIA AFTER • LENIN'S DEATH IN 1924 • – STALIN WAS CRUEL, SUSPICIOUS, • RUTHLESS AND TYRANNICAL • – DID NOT THINK TWICE ABOUT • KILLING RIVALS OR SENTENCING • INNOCENT PEOPLE TO DEATH

  9. Soviet Union & Italy • STALIN'S EFFORTS TO TRANSFORM THE • SOVIET UNION INTO AN INDUSTRIAL • POWER AND FORM STATE-RUN • COLLECTIVE FARMS RESULTED IN THE • DEATHS OF ABOUT 10 MILLION PEOPLE • DURING THE GREAT TERROR STALIN • PURGED THE COMMUNIST PARTYOF • REAL OR SUSPECTED TRAITORS IN THE • 1930S • – ORDERING THE DEATHS OR • IMPRISONMENT OF UP TO A MILLION • PEOPLE • – ALSO INCLUDED MOST THE HIGHER • OFFICERS OF THE RED ARMY

  10. Soviet Union & Italy • A COMBINATION OF FEAR AND MASSIVE PROPAGANDA KEPT STALIN IN POWER

  11. Soviet Union & Italy • ITALIAN TOTALITARIANISM WAS A DIRECT • RESULT OF THE WAR AND PEACE • TREATIES • – ITALY DID NOT GET THE LAND ALONG • THE ADRIATIC COAST IT HAD HOPED TO • OBTAIN FROM THE DIVISION OF • AUSTRIA-HUNGARY • THE POSTWAR ECONOMIC DEPRESSION • MADE IT DIFFICULT FOR RETURNING • VETERANS TO FIND JOBS, A COMMUNIST • MOVEMENT WAS GROWING AND THE • GOVERNMENT SEEMED WEAK

  12. Soviet Union & Italy • BENITO MUSSOLINI • – FOUNDED THE FASCIST PARTY • – A RIGHT WING ORGANIZATION • THAT TRUMPETED NATIONALISM • AND PROMISED TO MAKE ITALY • GREAT AGAIN • FOLLOWERS OF MUSSOLINI • – KNOWN AS BLACKSHIRTS • – FOUGHT AGAINST SOCIALISTS • AND COMMUNISTS • – THE ITALIAN KING ASKED • MUSSOLINI TO FORM A • GOVERNMENT BECAUSE HE • FEARED A REVOLUTION • – MUSSOLINI CALLED HIMSELF • “IL DUCE” - MEANING “THE LEADER”

  13. Soviet Union & Italy • MUSSOLINI: 1. OUTLAWED POLITICAL PARTIES 2. TOOK OVER THE PRESS 3. CREATED A SECRET POLICE 4. ORGANIZED YOUTH GROUPS TO INDOCTRINATE THE YOUNG 5. SUPPRESSED STRIKES 6. OPPOSED LIBERALISM AND SOCIALISM • MUSSOLINI'S HOLD OVER ITALY WAS • NEVER AS POWERFUL AS STALIN'S GRIP • ON THE SOVIET UNION

  14. Leaders in Germany & Japan • AFTER WORLD WAR I GERMANY • BECAME A DEMOCRACY • – THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC • – STRUGGLED THROUGHOUT THE 1920S • TO ESTABLISH A FUNCTIONAL • DEMOCRACY • – GERMANY WAS BESET BY SEVERE • ECONOMIC TROUBLES IN THE 1920S • – INCLUDING INFLATION • WEIMAR REPUBLIC WAS ALSO IN BAD • SHAPE BECAUSE OF ANGER OVER THE • TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND INTERNAL • DISUNITY

  15. Leaders in Germany & Japan • THE GREAT DEPRESSION HIT THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC HARD • – ANTIDEMOCRATIC PARTIES ON • THE RIGHT • – ESPECIALLY THE NATIONAL • SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS‘ • PARTY OR - NAZI PARTY • – THREATENED THE REPUBLIC

  16. Leaders in Germany & Japan • NAZIS WERE NOT SOCIALISTS • – THEY OPPOSED SOCIALISM, • COMMUNISM OR ANY OTHER • “ISM” THAT PROMOTED CLASS • INTERESTS OR WORKERS‘ • RIGHTS ABOVE GERMAN ETHNIC • SOLIDARITY

  17. Leaders in Germany & Japan • ADOLF HITLER • – LEADER OF THE NAZI PARTY • – FORMERLY A FAILED ARTIST, A • WOUNDED AND DECORATED WORLD • WAR I SOLDIER AND A PERSON WHO • WAS ON THE BRINK OF MADNESS

  18. Leaders in Germany & Japan • HITLER JOINED THE NAZI PARTY AFTER THE WAR AND SOON GAINED CONTROL OF IT • – WHILE IN PRISON AFTER THE • PARTY ATTEMPTED A REBELLION • HE WROTE MEIN KAMPF • - “MY STRUGGLE” • - IN WHICH HE STATED HIS • EXPLANATIONS FOR THE • PROBLEMS FACING GERMANY

  19. Leaders in Germany & Japan • HITLER CRITICIZED MANY PEOPLE, POLITICAL PROGRAMS AND IDEOLOGIES BUT HIS SHARPEST ASSAULTS WERE AGAINST COMMUNISTS AND JEWS • – HE WAS ANTI-SEMITIC • – PREJUDICED AGAINST JEWISH • PEOPLE

  20. Leaders in Germany & Japan • ANTI-SEMITISM HAD TROUBLED EUROPE FOR CENTURIES MOTIVATED BY RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE AND ECONOMIC RESENTMENT • – LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY • – NEW PSUEDO-SCIENTIFIC • THEORIES ABOUT JEWS AS A • RACE • – ALONG WITH THE RISE OF • NATIONALISM • – CAUSED JEWS TO BE • MARGINALIZED AS ETHNIC • OUTSIDERS

  21. Leaders in Germany & Japan • HITLER STATED THAT THE • GREATEST THREAT FACING • GERMANY WAS THE JEWISH • PEOPLE • – IN MEIN KAMPF HITLER • PRESENTED A BLUEPRINT OF • HISHATREDS AND PLANS FOR • WORLDDOMINATION

  22. Leaders in Germany & Japan • THE PRESIDENT OF THE WEIMAR • REPUBLIC (Paul von Hindenburg) • APPOINTED HITLER CHANCELLOR OF • GERMANY • – IN TWO YEARS HITLER BECAME • BOTH PRESIDENT AND CHANCELLOR • AND RULED UNCHECKED BY THE • REICHSTAG • – THE GERMAN PARLIAMENT • – BY 1935 THE DEMOCRATIC • INSTITUTIONS OF THE WEIMAR • REPUBLIC WERE SILENCED AND • HITLER SPOKE ALONE AS THE VOICE • OF GERMANY

  23. Leaders in Germany & Japan • HITLER WAS THE SYMBOL OF HIS TOTALITARIAN REGIME • – AIDED BY SECRET POPLICE THAT • CRUSHED ALL OPPOSITION, A • STATE CONTROLLED PRESS THAT • PRAISED HIS ACCOMPLISHMENT • AND A STATE CONTROLLED • EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM THAT • INDOCTRINATED THE YOUNG

  24. Leaders in Germany & Japan • BY THE LATE 1930S HITLER'S • ECONOMIC POLICIES, INCLUDING • REARMAMENT AND MASSIVE • PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS HAD • ENDED THE DEPRESSION IN • GERMANY • – HIS POLITICAL INITIATIVES • RESTRICTED FREEDOM AND HE • OPENLY ATTACKED JEWISH • PEOPLE, COMMUNISTS AND • SOCIALISTS

  25. Leaders in Germany & Japan • 1920S JAPAN • – THE GOVERNMENT REDUCED • THE POWER OF THE MILITARY, • PASSED LAWS TO GIVE ALL MEN • THE RIGHT TO VOTE, LEGALIZED • TRADE UNIONS AND ALLOWED • SEVERAL DIVERSE POLITICAL • PARTIES TO BE ESTABLISHED • – ENDED WHEN THE DEPRESSION • DISCREDITED JAPAN'S CIVILIAN • LEADERS I N THE 1930S

  26. Leaders in Germany & Japan • MILITARY LEADERS ARGUED THAT • EXPANSION THROUGHOUT ASIA • WOULD SOLVE JAPAN'S ECONOMIC • PROBLEMS AND GUARANTEE • FUTURE SECURITY • JAPAN DID NOT BECOME A • TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIP • – IT CONTINUED AS A • CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY • HEADED BY AN EMPEROR

  27. Leaders in Germany & Japan • JAPAN STARTED ON A COURSE OF AGGRESSIVE • MILITARY EXPANSION • – ATTACHED MANCHURIA AND ESTABLISHED A PUPPET • STATE • – CONTROLLED ITS DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES • AND ITS NATURAL RESOURCES • JAPAN MOVED AGAINST CHINA • – GAINING CONTROL OVER MAJOR CHINESE RAILROAD • LINKS AND COASTAL AREAS • – IN NANKING JAPANESE SOLDIERS WERE BRUTAL • – MURDERING MORE THAN 200,000 AND BURNING A • LARGE SECTION OF THE CITY • – BECAME KNOWN AS THE “RAPE OF NANKING”

  28. Italian & German Aggression • ITALY AND GERMANY RESORTED TO ACTS OF AGGRESSION SIMILAR TO JAPAN • – NEITHER THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS • NOR DEMOCRATIC NATIONS • SUCCEEDED IN STOPPING THE • AGGRESSION

  29. Italian & German Aggression • HITLER FOCUSED ON RESTORING GERMANY'S STRENTH AND • NULLIFYING THE PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES • – HE REBUILT THE GERMAN ECONOMY AND DRAMATICALLY • ENLARGED THE ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE IN DIRECT • VIOLATION OF THE TREATY • HE BEGAN TO MOVE TOWARD HIS GOAL OF REUNIFYING ALL • GERMANIC PEOPLE INTO ONE REICH ( OR STATE ) • HE WANTED LEBENSRAUM ( LIVING SPACE ) • – FOR THE GERMAN PEOPLE • – HE SENT TROOPS INTO THE RHINELAND • – THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS DID NOTHING

  30. Italian & German Aggression • 1935 • – MUSSOLINI INVADED ITALY • FASCISTS WERE ALSO • SUCCESSFUL IN THE SPANISH • CIVIL WAR • – THE NATIONALISTS REBELLED • AGAINST THE DEMOCRATIC • GOVERNMENT • – BOTH HITLER AND MUSSOLINI • SENT TROOPS TO AID • FRANCISCO FRANCO • – LEADER OF THE NATIONALISTS

  31. Appeasement • THE POLICY THAT FRANCE AND BRITAIN PURSUED AGAINST AGGRESSIVE NATIONS DURING THE 1930S • – MEANS A POLICY OF GRANTING • CONCESSIONS TO A POTENTIAL • ENEMY IN THE HOPE THAT IT • WILL MAINTAIN PEACE • – ONLY SPURRED THE FASCIST • LEADERS TO BECOME MORE • BOLD AND AGGRESSIVE

  32. Appeasement • APPEASED FASCISTS BECAUSE WORLD WAR I WAS SO HORRIBLE THAT SOME LEADERS VOWED NEVER TO ALLOW ANOTHER SUCH WAR TO BREAK OUT • – SOME LEADERS BELIEVED THAT • THE SOVIET UNION POSED A • GREATER THREAT THAN NAZI • GERMANY • – MAINTAINED THAT A STRONG • GERMANY PROVIDE A BUFFER • AGAINST THE SOVIET UNION

  33. Appeasement • US PLAYED A BIG ROLE IN THE POLICY OF APPEASEMENT • – FDR PURSUED A GOOD • NEIGHBOR POLICY WITH LATIN • AMERICA AND IMPROVED • RELATIONS WITH THE SOVIET • UNION • – DID NOT TAKE A FORCEFUL LINE • AGAINST GERMANY • – EMBRACED ISOLATIONISM

  34. Appeasement • SPRING 1938 • – HITLER BROUGHT AUSTRIA • INTO HIS REICH • – AUSTRIA HAD NO CHOICE BUT • TO ACCEPT THE UNION • – CALLED ANSCHLUSS • HITLER THEN TURNED TOWARD • THE SUDETENLAND • – A PORTION IN WESTERN • CZECHOSLOVAKIA THAT WAS • LARGELY POPULATED BY • ETHNIC GERMANS

  35. Appeasement • BRITAIN AND FRANCE APPEASED GERMANY AT THE MUNICH CONFERENCE – MEETING BETWEEN HITLER, NEVILL • CHAMBERLAIN AND EDOUARD • DALADIER • – SACRAFICED THE SUDETENLAND • – CHAMBERLAIN TOLD A CHEERING • CROWD THAT THE MUNICH PACT • – THE AGREEMENT REACHED AT THE • CONFERENCE • – HAD PRESERVED “PEACE FOR OUR TIME” • - HE WAS WRONG • – IT POSTPONED WWII FOR 11 MONTHS

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