Name : adan mamon jabarah Class : 6 “alkarama” School : iben sena “a” Subject : the glass art

1. Name : adan mamon jabarah Class : 6 “alkarama” School : iben sena “a” Subject : the glass art

2. The Contents The Introduction The Conclusion The Boxing The Sources The glass art End the presentation

3. The Introduction Dear reader meets in this research with information on the art of glass, although it was difficult to find information on this subject, but I decided with determination and resolve that brought on the basis of this research, as requested by me and my teacher for this short overview on the art of glass: Glass was used since ancient times (3000 BC. M) has been used in many areas (glass cups / mirrors / work in research laboratories in chemistry, biology, physics and other fields, flasks and test tubes and lenses, laboratory equipment are often of glass) Back to Contents

4. The Boxing Dedicate this research to all members of my family and to all students Dedicate and to my friends dear and respected Dedicate teachers, especially to the distinguished professor of sound and I want to end Dedicate to every person who wants to identify the art of glass Back to Contents

5. The glass art Definition of glass The glass industry The history of glass Types of glass Vehicle glass The pictures Back to Contents

6. Definition of glass Article no color mainly manufactured from molten silica at high temperatures with boric acid or phosphate. And glass, as found in nature is also found in volcanic material called volcanic glass, or materials that arise from the meteoroid. The glass is not solid, liquid, but rather in a particular case show Dzeiath random, but so that there is enough cohesion to make the Union, including chemotherapy. When the glass is cooled to the solid condition, but without shape, and with exposure to heat to the glass becomes liquid. The glass is usually transparent, but may not be transparent or semi-transparent, too, varies depending on the color components. And the molten glass, such as plastics can be formed using several techniques. It is possible to cut glass when it is cold. At low temperatures the glass is fragile and broken. Such natural materials of volcanic glass and Alticti components and characteristics similar to the glass industry. Back to Home Page

7. The history of glass Date back to the glass industry in 2000 BC. Since then, a glass for many of the daily human life. Was used in the manufacture of useful and timely materials and decorative materials, including the ornamental jewelry. It also has had an industrial and architectural applications. It was the oldest material on the glass beads, where the words are not hollow a real-time so in 1500 BC. The Asian manufacturers are the first of the established glass industry, including the industry moved to Egypt, where the first glassware due to the rule of Tuthmosis III (1504-1450 BC). The glass industry continued to flourish in Egypt until about 1200 BC and then virtually ceased for several centuries. In the ninth century BC, there have been both Syria and Iraq, as for the manufacture of glass, the industry spread across the Mediterranean region. In the Greek era, Egypt played a key role in providing the luxurious royal palaces, where the glass was manufactured in Alexandria. Back to Home Page

8. Vehicle glass There are elements and chemical compounds necessary balance in the process of manufacture of glass and forms known as types of employment, including: 1-lime: Kmahlol water used for the manufacture of glass. And use of calcium and dolomite lime in large quantities with sand and sodium carbonate and light bulbs. 2-lead oxide: is one of the key components of the types of glass Zrani, which is characterized by a factor of refraction is high, and usually include a large proportion of potash (glass gives brighter and brighter and at the same time, resistant to heat and electricity). 3-Boric oxide: to reduce the degree of silica or her spouse without further extend warming, and with the addition of a small amount of aluminum oxide to maintain the transparency of glass, and make it more resistant to heat (Albaerks), and is used in the manufacture of bakery tools and laboratory equipment and industrial pipes for their ability to resist sudden changes in temperature and bear the effects of chemicals. 4-aluminum oxide and lime: used this mixture in a large glass with (10%) of boric oxide and alkali few fiberglass industry Back to Home Page

9. The glass industry Industry is going through four stages: 1-smelting: the raw materials may be attended in the form of powder or granules and mixed with each other at rates of certain weight and then into the oven for Examples of such ovens: A - Oven Alajafnp: The capacity of 2 tons of raw materials used for the production of certain types of glass such as optical glass and decorations. And make the clay oven, or platinum, but the clay had been part of it melts during the melting glass and the other hand, platinum is more expensive. B - Oven basin: the basin is made of brick and firewall accommodates 1500 tons of raw materials.2-composition: molten glass to cool slowly until it reaches the stage of the required composition class, the composition of one of two ways: A - blowing and configuration manual: is molten in the template is blowing, either oral or Mounfaj. B - blowing machine or composition: where the process of pouring molten and blowing machine. It must be the process of restructuring in a very short time, with a glass during the paste to a solid.3-polite or cooling: the process of slowly cooling glass to avoid Thqgah and Teixrh and avoid the areas of weakness in the glass after its formation tools, and this operation is carried out to develop tools in the glass furnace cooling temperature ranging between 400-600 m for a sufficient period of time and then gradually cooled to the extent normal temperature and a furnace cooling metal Akecat 15-75 meters long and was introduced from 1 to 5 meters and an electric oven or heated liquid fuel. 4-Termination: In this stage the glass clean and refine the tools and parts and classified Back to Home Page

10. Types of glass 1-Alberks: When heated to resist the heat is broken due to the extended due to the small plants it contains a high percentage of boron oxide 2 - silica glass harsh 96: the advantage of small thermal expansion coefficient and a high degree of melting. 3-glass trays: contains a large proportion of lead oxide and relentless heating devices used in optical and jewelry industries. 4-Fiberglass: is a yarn or fiber glass industry and is passed molten glass on the platinum heated electrically continuous 5-non-transparent glass Haze: manufactured by adding material (the specifics of the situation colloidal) to the molten glass in the remaining minutes of the outstanding cooling glass and make it foggy According to the classification of glass use: 1-glass construction, such as windows, doors and vehicles. 2-real-time, such as glass and glass bottles of medicine. 3-Glass optics such as lenses and microscopes and telescopes. Back to Home Page

11. The picture Back to Home Page

12. The Conclusion I hope that it has received from the research you liked and I learned a lot from this research on the history of art glass such as glass, vehicle glass and glass industry, and the types of glass and many… Back to Contents

13. The Sources www.syriabuild.com www.wikipedia.org Technology, art glass book - by Dr. Zeinhom Mohamed Back to Contents

14. Preparation of student : Adan mamon jabarah Back to Contents