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The Evolution of Primates

The Evolution of Primates. Chapter 22. Learning Objective 1. What structural adaptations do primates have for life in treetops?. Primates (1). Placental mammals evolved from arboreal shrewlike mammals Five grasping digits including opposable thumb or toe. Five Grasping Digits. Hand.

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The Evolution of Primates

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  1. The Evolution of Primates Chapter 22

  2. Learning Objective 1 • What structural adaptations do primates have for life in treetops?

  3. Primates (1) • Placental mammals • evolvedfrom arboreal shrewlike mammals • Five grasping digits • including opposable thumb or toe

  4. Five Grasping Digits

  5. Hand Foot (a) Lemur (Eulemur mongoz) Fig. 22-1a, p. 467

  6. Hand Foot (b) Tarsier (Tarsius spectrum) Fig. 22-1b, p. 467

  7. Hand Foot (c) Woolly spider monkey (Brachyteles arachnoides) Fig. 22-1c, p. 467

  8. Hand Foot (d) Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) Fig. 22-1d, p. 467

  9. Primates (2) • Long, slender limbs • move freely at hips and shoulders • Eyes located in front of head

  10. Learning Objective 2 • What are the three suborders of primates? • Give representative examples of each

  11. Suborders of Primates • Prosimii • lemurs, galagos, and lorises • Tarsiiformes • tarsiers • Anthropoidea (anthropoids) • monkeys, apes, and humans

  12. Primate Evolution

  13. Suborder Prosimii Suborder Tarsiiformes Suborder Anthropoidea Hominoids (Anthropoids) Gorillas Humans Gibbons New World monkeys Old World monkeys Lemurs Tarsiers Orangutans Chimpanzees 3 2 1 Common hominoid ancestor Common anthropoid ancestor Common primate ancestor Fig. 22-2, p. 468

  14. KEY CONCEPTS • Humans are classified in the order Primates, along with lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes • This classification is based on close evolutionary ties

  15. Learn more about primate evolution by clicking on the figure in ThomsonNOW.

  16. Learning Objective 3 • What is the difference between anthropoids, hominoids, and hominids?

  17. Anthropoids • Include monkeys, apes, and humans • Branched into 2 groups: • New World monkeys • Old World monkeys

  18. New World and Old World Monkeys

  19. Hominoids • Include apes and humans • arose from Old World monkey lineage • 4 modern genera of apes: • gibbons • orangutans • gorillas • chimpanzees

  20. Ape Evolution

  21. (a) Fossils of Aegyptopithecus, a fairly primitive anthropoid, were discovered in Egypt. (c) Dryopithecus, a more advanced ape, may have been ancestral to modern hominoids. Fig. 22-5a/c, p. 470

  22. Apes

  23. Fig. 22-6a, p. 471

  24. Fig. 22-6b, p. 471

  25. Fig. 22-6c, p. 471

  26. Fig. 22-6d, p. 471

  27. Hominids • Humans and their ancestors

  28. KEY CONCEPTS • The study of living primates provides clues to help scientists reconstruct the adaptations and lifestyles of early primates, some of which were ancestors of humans

  29. Learning Objective 4 • What are the skeletal and skull differences between apes and hominids?

  30. Hominid Skeletons • Adaptations for standing erect and walking on two feet • complex curvature of the spine • short, broad pelvis • foramen magnum at base of skull • first toe aligned with other toes

  31. Gorilla and Human Skeletons

  32. Simply curved spine Foramen magnum at the center base of skull Complex curvature of human spine Foramen magnum at the center rear of skull Tall, narrow pelvis (front view) Shorter, broader pelvis (front view) First toe not opposable, and all toes aligned First toe not aligned with others Gorilla skeleton Human skeleton Fig. 22-7, p. 472

  33. Human Skeleton • Human skull • lacks pronounced supraorbital ridge • flatter than ape skulls in front • has a pronounced chin • larger brain than apes • jaw structure with teeth arranged in U shape

  34. Human Skull

  35. Supraorbital ridge Incisors Rectangular shape Fig. 22-8a, p. 473

  36. Incisors U-shape Fig. 22-8b, p. 473

  37. KEY CONCEPTS • The human brain did not begin to enlarge to its present size and complexity until long after human ancestors had evolved bipedal locomotion

  38. Learn more about monkey, gorilla, and human skeletons by clicking on the figure in ThomsonNOW.

  39. Learning Objective 5 • Describe the following early hominids: Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus ramidus, and Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis,and A. africanus

  40. Sahelanthropus • Hominid Evolution began in Africa • 6 to 7 million years ago • Sahelanthropus • small brain • face and teeth had many characteristics of larger brained human ancestors

  41. Orrorin • Early hominid • about 6 mya • Orrorin • probably walked upright and was bipedal • based on fossil leg bones

  42. Australopithecines (1) • Include • Ardipithecusand Australopithecusspecies • Australopithecusspecies • bipedal (a hominid feature)

  43. Australopithecines (2) • Ardipithecus ramidus • about 5.8 mya to 5.2 mya • Australopithecus anamensis • Australopithecus afarensis • Australopithecus africanus

  44. Genus Homo • Genus Australopithecuscontains the immediate ancestors of genus Homo

  45. Possible Evolutionary Relationships

  46. H. sapiens H. neanderthalensis Archaic H. sapiens H. erectus A. boisei A. robustus H. ergaster H. habilis ? A. aethiopicus Millions of years ago (mya) A. africanus A. afarensis A. anamensis A. ramidus Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo Fig. 22-9, p. 473

  47. H. sapiens H. neanderthalensis Archaic H. sapiens H. erectus A. boisei A. robustus H. ergaster H. habilis A. aethiopicus A. africanus A. afarensis A. anamensis A. ramidus Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo ? Millions of years ago (mya) Stepped Art Fig. 22-9, p. 473

  48. Learning Objective 6 • Distinguish among the following members of genus Homo: H. habilis, H. ergaster, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens

  49. Homo habilis • Earliest known hominid with some human features lacking in australopithecines • including slightly larger brain • H. habilisfashioned crude tools from stone

  50. Homo erectus (1) • Larger brain than H. habilis • made more sophisticated tools • may have worn clothing, built fires, lived in caves or shelters

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