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Structure and resilience of fungal communities in Alaskan boreal forest soils D. Lee Taylor

Structure and resilience of fungal communities in Alaskan boreal forest soils D. Lee Taylor Ian C. Herriott Jack W. McFarland Michael G. Booth Photographer: Roger Ruess. Summary of Three Fungal Community Structure Studies Two broad surveys, 1) UP and 2) TKN black spruce sites

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Structure and resilience of fungal communities in Alaskan boreal forest soils D. Lee Taylor

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  1. Structure and resilience of fungal communities in Alaskan boreal forest soils D. Lee Taylor Ian C. Herriott Jack W. McFarland Michael G. Booth Photographer: Roger Ruess

  2. Summary of Three Fungal Community Structure Studies • Two broad surveys, 1) UP and 2) TKN black spruce sites a. Inter-annual variation b. Successional dynamics • 3) Intra-annual variation, single spruce site • Conclusions

  3. Coupling Diversity with Function: Metagenomics of Boreal Forest Fungi USDA-NSF Microbial Genome Sequencing Program, 2003-2007 Goals • Fill out sequence space for Alaskan fungi - Sporocarps - Soil DNA • Determine how to adequately sample fungi in soil • Characterize fungal community structure within the BNZ LTER site across time space and time

  4. BNZ Upland “UP” Core Sites; Interior Alaska Black Spruce TKN Sites Upland • 9 sites: UP1a, b, c - early successional UP2a, b, c - mid successional UP3a, b, c - late successional Black spruce • 12 sites: - 3 dry, acidic - 3 wet, acidic - 3 dry, non-acidic - 3 wet, non-acidic • Sampled same locations in 2004, 2005 • 50 cores per site/sampling date, 2100 cores total • Cores divided into organic and mineral fractions; fractions pooled within sites Co-conspirators: Jack McFarland Teresa Hollingsworth Roger Ruess Niall Lennon Chad Nusbaum

  5. Dominants have strong host preferences Distributions of 30 Dominant Taxa

  6. NMS Ordination: UP and TKN black spruce sites, separate years Low year-year variation within a site

  7. Upland Black spruce organic organic mineral NMS Ordination: UP and TKN black spruce sites, years combined

  8. Tests for fungal community differentiation: multiple response permutation procedure Upland + black spruce differ; horizons differ; year-year variation insignificant

  9. UP2 UP3 UP1 NMS Ordination: UP only, years combined Strong structure by stage Greatest variation in early stage

  10. Community dissimilarities by successional stage Greatest variation in early succession F = 4.17, p = 0.036

  11. Summary of Three Fungal Community Structure Studies • Broad surveys, UP and TKN black spruce sites a. Inter-annual variation b. Successional dynamics • Intra-annual variation, single spruce site • Conclusions

  12. Part 2: Seasonal Dynamics? • Sampled 1 site (white/black spruce) : August ‘04, October ‘04, February ‘05 and May ‘05 • cores into: Litter, Humic, Mineral • 10 pooled cores per sampling date • ~9500 clones analyzed Ian Herriott Niall Lennon Chad Nusbaum D. Lee Taylor

  13. NMS Ordination: Humic horizon Seasons have different communities Summer most distinct Spring Summer Fall Winter

  14. Summary of Three Fungal Community Structure Studies • Broad surveys, 1) UP and 2) TKN black spruce sites a. Inter-annual variation - resilence b. Successional dynamics - strong habitat and horizon prefs, most variable early • 3) Intra-annual variation - detectable dynamics • Conclusions

  15. Funding Sources and Supporting Agencies

  16. Thanks! Michelle Augustyn Jynene Black Michael Booth Dan Cardin József Geml Hope Gray Ian Herriott Scott Hillard Teresa Hollingsworth Sarah Hopkins Jason Hunt Shawn Huston Tom Marr Jack McFarland Chad Nusbaum Gary Laursen Niall Lennon Jim Long Mitali Patil Roger Ruess Ina Timling

  17. Indicator species status among the 10 most frequent OTUs in the seasonal study

  18. Take-Home Messages: • Inter-annual stability of communities (resilience) • Extreme structure by soil horizon • Divergence in horizon preferences among closely related taxa (fine niche-partitioning => lower resilience) • Detectable seasonal shifts in structure (resilience)

  19. Cortinarius flexipes Cortinarius collinitus Black Spruce Site

  20. Summary of Coring and Sequencing Efforts

  21. Co-conspirators: Michael Booth Jack McFarland Ian Herriott Roger Ruess Niall Lennon Chad Nusbaum • Study I: Fungal diversity in 0.25g of boreal forest soil

  22. Summary Stats • Total clones sequenced 17664 • Too short, >2% Ns, non-fungal or ITS missing 8209 • Chimeras identified 258 • Clones remaining 9197 • D8 - final sequences 4880 - OTUs 276 - Singleton OTUs 162 • H4 - final sequences 4317 - OTUs 218 - Singleton OTUs 105 • Combined OTUs 433 • Shared D8-H4 OTUs 60

  23. Rank Abundance Plot, Core D8

  24. D8 Species Accumulation Curve

  25. Estimated Actual Number of Species

  26. Dominants from soil cores ~1m apart D8 H4

  27. We have not saturated within site/sample diversity

  28. We HAVE saturated overall diversity across these sites (enough sequences)

  29. More sites would yield more species

  30. Ephemeral, clumped, large + small genets, appearance unpredictable Diverse, intermixed, clumped to over-dispersed ???

  31. M Q T I J O L H N P S F G B E D A C K R

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