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Life in Space: Overcoming the Human Physiological Effects of Long Duration Space Flight

Life in Space: Overcoming the Human Physiological Effects of Long Duration Space Flight. Stanford University E235: Space Systems Engineering Winter Presentations. Julie Litzenberger. March 4, 2004. History of Human Spaceflight. Mercury Program Alan Sheppard, May 5, 1961

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Life in Space: Overcoming the Human Physiological Effects of Long Duration Space Flight

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  1. Life in Space:Overcoming the Human Physiological Effects of Long Duration Space Flight Stanford University E235: Space Systems Engineering Winter Presentations Julie Litzenberger March 4, 2004

  2. History of Human Spaceflight • Mercury Program • Alan Sheppard, May 5, 1961 • John Glenn, February 20, 1962 • Gemini Program • Apollo Program • Skylab Project • Apollo-Soyuz Test Project • MIR Space Station • International Space Station http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/history/mercury/mercury.htm

  3. Physiological Influences of Spaceflight • Microgravity • Radiation • Neurobehavior and psychology • Nutrition, physical fitness, and rehabilitation • Remote medical support • Closed-loop life support http://spaceresearch.nasa.gov/general_info/issphysiology.html http://www.spacekids.com/spacenews/shuttlefood_day3_991222.html

  4. Physiological Influences of Spaceflight • Microgravity • Radiation • Neurobehavior and psychology • Nutrition, physical fitness, and rehabilitation • Remote medical support • Closed-loop life support http://spaceresearch.nasa.gov/general_info/issphysiology.html http://www.spacekids.com/spacenews/shuttlefood_day3_991222.html

  5. Microgravity • Bone mass loss • Muscle alterations and atrophy • Cardiovascular variations • Immunology, infection, and hematology • Sleep and chronobiology http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Newsroom/X-Press/stories/011003/ppl_astro.html

  6. [2] [4] [5] 1. Bone Mass Loss [1] [3] [1] http://www.karger.com/gazette/65/anderson2/images/anderson2_1_s.jpg [4] http://www.brooks.af.mil/HSW/PA/Centrifuge%20fact_files/image004.gif [2] http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/vicc/lungspore/projects/pills.jpg [3] http://eduserv.hscer.washington.edu/hubio553/totrad/SCAR/Images/transversetibiafx.jpg [5] http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/kids/L&W/pixs/81368031.jpg

  7. 2. Muscle Alterations and Atrophy • Loss of muscle strength associated with decreased mechanical loading • Countermeasures: • High-resistance exercise • Pharmaceutical Treatments • Genetic, cellular, and physiological processes • Applications to muscle wasting conditions experienced on Earth

  8. 3. Cardiovascular Variations • Reduced cardiac mass due to deconditioning • Postflight impairment of cardiovascular responses when standing upright and exercising; may cause dizziness or fainting • Inflight heart rhythm disturbances • Earth applications http://w3.uokhsc.edu/phar5442/Lectures/Cardiovascularexerciseeffects.html

  9. 4. Immunology, Infection, and Hematology • Weakening of the immune system • Activation of dormant viruses • Interference with wound healing • Loss of head-to-toe blood pressure gradient and radiation effects on bone marrow may cause anemia

  10. Prevent sleep loss Promote wakefulness Reduce human error Optimize mental and physical performance Applications: Safety of people involved in jobs requiring international travel, shift work, and extended work schedules 5. Sleep and Chronobiology http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/toc.asp?s=Living%20in%20Space

  11. Radiation

  12. Radiation • Radiation levels hundreds of times greater than on Earth • Solar proton events • Galactic cosmic rays • Physiological effects: • Kill cells • Damages tissue • Causes cellular mutations that can lead to cancer, central nervous system damage, cataracts • Pharmaceuticals, shielding

  13. Neurobehavior and Psychology Long term isolation and stress can affect crew health, safety, and productivity • Monitor brain functions and behavior • Countermeasures to enhance performance, motivation, and quality of life • Crew composition: leadership style, gender, age, expertise, organization, and communication

  14. Space Physiology Research • Space Station Biological Research Project (SSBRP) • National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) • American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology (ASGSB)

  15. Research on the International Space Station http://members.nova.org/~sol/accommod.htm

  16. Space Station Biological Research Project (SSBRP) • Host Systems • 2.5 M centrifuge • Habitat holding racks • Life Sciences Glovebox • Research units for small fresh water organisms, laboratory rats and mice, insects, quail and chicken eggs, plants, cell and tissue culture • Incubator for life science research • Dosimeter to measure biologically active space radiation

  17. Research on Earth

  18. National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) Space Research Earth Applications http://www.nsbri.org/NewsPublicOut/Gallery.html

  19. American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology (ASGSB) • “…members are drawn from university, government, and industry and represent many disciplines bonded by a interest in a common issue, gravity” • Research, education, training and development in gravitational and space biology • Annual scientific publication and meeting

  20. Additional Space Life Science Organizations • NASA Office of Biological and Physical Research – OBPR • Aerospace Medical Association – AsMA • European Low Gravity Research Association – ELGRA • Japanese Society for Biological Sciences in Space – JSBSS • International Society for Gravitational Physiology • Center for Advanced Studies in the Space Life Sciences • Committee for Space Research – COSPAR • International Astronautical Federation – IAF • American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics – AIAA • Universities Space Research Association - USRA

  21. Still to come… • Analysis of: • Biological experiments that have been and need to be executed to better understand physiological effects of spaceflight • Countermeasures • Artificial gravity • Pharmaceuticals • Radiation Shielding • Habitats on the moon and Mars • Closed-loop life support • Space Suit Design

  22. Still to come… • International Cooperation • Russian experience in space • China’s plans to go to the moon • Aurora program • Public Service Announcement • Spin-off technologies

  23. NEW IDEA! • Public Service Announcement: Space Spinoff Technologies; medical advances How used in space How used on Earth Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic techniques Blood glucose measurements

  24. Acknowledgements • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) www.nasa.gov • Space Station Biological Research Project (SSBRP) http://brp.arc.nasa.gov/ • National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) http://www.nsbri.org/ • American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology (ASGSB) http://www.asgsb.org/

  25. Questions?

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