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Co-Evolution

Co-Evolution. Co-Evolution. 2 or more species reciprocally placing selection pressure Toxicity Pollination Seed/Offspring Dispersal Food source Predator/Prey Relationships Symbiosis. Characteristic. Examples. Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros. Low reproductive rate.

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Co-Evolution

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  1. Co-Evolution

  2. Co-Evolution • 2 or more species reciprocally placing selection pressure • Toxicity • Pollination • Seed/Offspring Dispersal • Food source • Predator/Prey Relationships • Symbiosis

  3. Characteristic Examples Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Low reproductive rate Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Specialized niche Elephant seal, desert pupfish Narrow distribution Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Feeds at high trophic level Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtle Fixed migratory patterns African violet, some orchids Rare Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds Commercially valuable California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther Large territories Fig. 9-3, p. 194

  4. Toxicity • Deterrant

  5. Pollination • Animal • Wind • Water • Self

  6. Pollination

  7. Pollination • The best pollinators are those that fly relatively long distances, such as the Euglossine bees. Why? To ensure cross-pollination between widely separated plants

  8. Seed Dispersal • A mutualistic relationship • reward is given for the opportunity to disperse • Not all plants invest in fruits (expensive) • Wind dispersal is common (31%) in the canopy • Animal vector • Water vector

  9. Food Source Distribution affects societal structure • Migration ie. Whales • Hibernation ie. Bats • Lifecycle ie. Butterflies • Cooperation vs. Competition ie. Bonobos/Chimps • Reproductive Strategies • K vs. R • Courtship Displays

  10. Food Source • Mammals who are largely frugivorous also tend towards sociality (e.g. pacas, coatimundies and pecarries)

  11. Predator/Prey Relationships • Color patterns • Camouflage • Warning • Mimicry

  12. Symbiosis • Commensalism: +/0 or 0/0 • Mutualism: +/+ • Parasitism: +/-

  13. Impact of Introduced Species • Most species introductions are beneficial • Food • Shelter • Medicine • Aesthetic enjoyment • Nonnative species may have no natural • Predators • Competitors • Parasites • Pathogens

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