1 / 40

Nutrition, Care and Education 营养、健康和教育

Nutrition, Care and Education 营养、健康和教育. Zhang Linxiu 张林秀 (lxzhang.ccap@igsnrr.ac.cn) Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy Chinese Academy of Sciences 中国科学院农业政策研究中心 On behalf of REAP team 代表农村教育行动计划 ( REAP) 团队. Let me first introduce REAP … 首先让我来向大家介绍一下 REAP. Show video … 先给大家看一段录象

merritt-baldwin
Télécharger la présentation

Nutrition, Care and Education 营养、健康和教育

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Nutrition, Care and Education营养、健康和教育 Zhang Linxiu 张林秀 (lxzhang.ccap@igsnrr.ac.cn) Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy Chinese Academy of Sciences 中国科学院农业政策研究中心 On behalf of REAP team 代表农村教育行动计划( REAP)团队

  2. Let me first introduce REAP … 首先让我来向大家介绍一下REAP • Show video … • 先给大家看一段录象 • In summary : • 总体上说： • In many cases, China’s government agencies have sources of funds … they are committed to making change … they are looking for ideas about what work and what does not work … • 在很多情况下中国政府部门是有资金资源 … 他们也希望改善现状… 但是他们也在寻找好的项目，想知道什么有效什么没效… • This is exactly what Scott’s message was: • 这也是Scott主题发言的核心思想: • We need to do IE to figure out what works / what does not … • 我们需要影响评估来告诉我们什么有效/什么没效 … • If we do, it can have a big effect • 如果我们开展好影响评估, 它可以有很大的作用

  3. In my presentation, I want to show the answers to two questions:在我的报告中, 我想给大家展示对两个问题的回答: Q1: Is this hard to do in China? Q1: 在中国开展影响评估是不是很难? Q2: Can it have an effect? Q2: 如果作了，是否会产生影响? A1: No … it is easy, if it planned in advance … A1: 不…如果在开始时就设计好这就很容易… A2: Yes … it can have an effect A2: 是… 它能够产生影响

  4. Case Study of Anemia, Multivitamins and Educational Performanc 用我们贫血、多种维生素和学业表现研究项目为例来介绍 The diet of children: grain / grain / grain … 农村学生的饮食: 粮食 / 粮食 / 粮食 …

  5. Children eat almost no red meat / no green vegetables / no fruit … is this affecting educational performance? 学生几乎吃不到肉 /绿色素菜 / 水果 … 这样的饮食会影响到学生学业表现吗?

  6. Is eating “grain / grain / grain” a problem?只吃 “粮食 / 粮食 / 粮食” 是个问题吗? • Yes, poor diets  micronutrient deficiencies • 是, 饮食不好 微量元素缺乏 • One of the most common nutritional problems in developing countries is ANEMIA … • 发展中国家常见的营养问题之一是贫血 … • If children have anemia, it is well known that it can affect: • 如果一个孩子贫血，这会对这个孩子造成一系列影响: • Cognitive ability 认知能力 • Physical health 体能健康 • Psychological health 心理健康 • Behavior 行为表现 • AND EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE 以及学业表现

  7. Is anemia a problem in rural China?贫血在中国农村是一个问题吗? • This was the first step in our research program … • 这是我们研究项目第一步要回答的问题… • In 2008, we set out to do one of the first large scale canvas survey in Shaanxi … • 2008年, 我们在陕西开展了第一个大样本的全面调查… • What did we do? • 我们是怎么做的?

  8. The first step in studying the prevalence of anemia was to choose a random sample of schools … we worked closely with the Shaanxi gov’t to create a sampling frame … and then chose 66 schools in 8 counties .. 研究贫血状况的第一步是随机选出样本学校 … 我们和陕西省政府相关部门合作建立了一个样本框… 在8个县选出了66所学校 .. Shaanxi

  9. We conducted field testing for anemia … 我们在实地给学生测血检查贫血…

  10. 1501 39% of sample have Hb levels below 120 39% 学生血红蛋白水平低于120

  11. So, what did we then do to try to solve anemia … and study its effect on education 那么, 我们探讨如何来解决贫血问题 …以及对学业表现等的影响 Randomized Control Trial随机控制实验[like in agriculture or medicine][象农业或医学实验]our questions我们问题是:Will iron supplements lead to less anemia?给学生服用维生素  更少贫血?If parents knew about their children’s nutritional status, would there be less anemia?如果父母知道更多信息 更少贫血?Does lower anemia lead to better school performance?贫血减少  学习表现更好? Three Stages三个阶段 treated处理组 2. POLICY EXPERIMENT政策实验 RCT’s • Baseline survey基线调查 3. Evaluation survey评估调查 Control 控制组

  12. Randomized Control Trial[like in agriculture or medicine] our questions:Will iron supplements lead to less anemia?If parents knew about their children’s nutritional status, would there be less anemia?Does lower anemia lead to better school performance? So what have we done so far on this slide? 1. Our objective: answer these questions 2. Our outcomes: Three Stages 4. Overall evaluation questions 3. Theory of change: better nutrition leads to better health and schooling treated 2. POLICY EXPERIMENT RCT’s 1. Baseline survey 3. Evaluation survey control

  13. Randomized Control Trial随机控制实验[like in agriculture or medicine][象农业或医学实验]our questions我们问题是:Will iron supplements lead to less anemia?给学生服用维生素  更少贫血?If parents knew about their children’s nutritional status, would there be less anemia?如果父母知道更多信息 更少贫血?Does lower anemia lead to better school performance?贫血减少  学习表现更好? So, what did we then do to try to solve anemia … and study its effect on education 那么, 我们探讨如何来解决贫血问题 …以及对学业表现等的影响 Three Stages三个阶段 treated处理组 2. POLICY EXPERIMENT政策实验 RCT’s • Baseline survey基线调查 3. Evaluation survey评估调查 Control 控制组 Partly Done部分完成了

  14. Step 1: Baseline survey for anemia (October 2008) was already done … 第一步: 测血的基线调查已完成 (2008年10月) …

  15. 66 School Study … in 8 Poorest Counties in Shaanxi 营养与教育第I期在陕西省8个特困县的66所小学开展研究，其中： In 24 Schools (≈1400 fourth grade students)  We gave students a direct supplement with 1 vitamin per day 24所学校（1400个学生）  直接给孩子补充“21金维他” In 12 Schools (≈800 fourth grade students) We send the parents a letter, informing them of whether or not their child had anemia 12所学校（1000个学生） 给家长发一封信，告之孩子的贫血状况 In the other 30 Schools (≈1800 fourth grade students)  we did nothing: these are our CONTROL schools 30所学校（1800 students） 对照组 Shaanxi陕西 We first took our 66 schools … and divided them into three distinct identical sets of schools我们选出66所学校… 将它们分成3组条件完全一样的学校

  16. Standardized Math Test In all 66 schools (vitamin schools + information schools + control schools) We also did a baseline survey for math scores … 在所有66所学校(维生素学校 + 信息学校 + 控制学校) 我们也对数学进行了基线标准测试 …

  17. When we are done with the baseline (but before any intervention), it is like having “triplets” … the schools that will get the vitamins; the schools that get information and the control schools are identical!当我们做完基线调查后 (但是在干预前), 这三组学校就象“三胞胎”-其各种特征完全一样!

  18. Stage 2: The interventions 第2步：实施干预 In the 24 vitamin schools, we gave 1 over-the-counter vitamin / day (these could be bought in any supermarket in Beijing) Vitamins have 5 mgs of iron … Vitamins given to students from November to May 24所学校（A组） 每天一片“21金维他” 从2008年11月到2009年5月，每天给每个学生补充一片含铁的多元维生素“21金维他”（每片含铁5毫克） …

  19. In the 12 “information-only” schools, we tried to inform the parents of their child’s anemia status 12所学校（B组）：营养信息干预 The letter was simple and told the parent: “What is anemia? What are its effects? What should you do?  go to a doctor / eat better diet 给家长发一封信，告诉他们（“贫血是什么？贫血有什么影响? 孩子贫血应该怎么办? 看医生”） Note: children in these schools received NO vitamins 这些学校学生不提供维生素

  20. Letter to Parents给家长的一封信 Health Evaluation Report (Moderately Anemic Child) Dear ______________________ (student name) ’s parents! As researchers from the Xi’an Jiaotong University, whom have recently conducted a study (“Child Nutrition and Education”) at your child’s school, we would like to firstly thank you for supporting our work! As part of this study, we tested your child for anemia, and are including the results below: According World Health Organization (WHO) standards, hemoglobin levels lower than 115g/L indicate anemia. Based on our test results, your child’s hemoglobin levels are ____________________g/L, which indicates that your child is moderately anemic. Anemia can negatively affect a child’s development, physical strength and endurance, attention span, cognitive thinking and memory, which all impact educational effectiveness and academic achievement. Anemia also can affect disease susceptibility and spread. Therefore, parents should be particularly attentive about their child’s anemia – early identification of anemia allows faster prevention. Since your child is anemic, we suggest you pay close attention to his/her eating habits: 1) give your child iron-rich foods, including liver (pig, cow, sheep, etc.); animal blood; lean meats (pork, beef, lamb, etc.); fish and shrimp; and bean products (tofu, soy milk, etc) (ideally make sure your child eats one bowl of meat, an egg or an equivalent amount of bean products), and also use iron-fortified soy sauce. 2) Simultaneously, consume fresh vegetables and fruits for sufficient Vitamin C (every day, your child should eat an apple or the equivalent of another fruit). 3) Schedule accordingly three meals per day, and correct bad habits of eating imbalanced meals. Also, it is important to prevent intestinal worm infections (if necessary, de-worming medication is available), and to keep physically fit. Regarding your child’s moderate anemia, we strongly recommend you seek your doctor for medical assistance as soon as possible, to raise your child’s hemoglobin levels and ensure your child’s health! Currently, common iron supplements include: LiuSuanYa iron, FuMaSuan iron, PuTaoTangSuanYa iron, LiFeiNeng (if there are side effects, please seek medical attention). Best wishes for your child’s healthy development!  Respectfully yours, Xi’an Jiaotong University Medical Center 12.10.2008

  21. 30 control schools 30所对照组学校 Zero: no vitamins / no letter … 不采取任何干预：不给维生素 / 不给家长发信 …

  22. Evaluation Survey (stage 3)评估调查(第三步)Will iron supplements  less anemia?补充铁元素 贫血减少?If parents know  less anemia?如果父母知道 贫血减少?Lower anemia  Better school performance?贫血降低 学校学生学业表现改善? Stage 3 Treated 处理组 POLICY EXPERIMENT 政策实验 RCT’s Baseline survey 基线调查 Evaluation survey 评估调查 Control 控制组

  23. Evaluation survey (June 2009) Re-taking the standardized academic tests and Psy test… … after 5 months of vitamins + letter to parent. 评估调查(2009年6月) 重复基线调查的所有测试… … 在给学生发5个月维生素和家长发信后

  24. Re-taking the Hb Test (June 2009)Still anemic or not?重测血红蛋白水平(2009年6月)看是否贫血?

  25. Summarize: • Our counterfactual … our approach to attribution: • Randomization … it was possible in this case • Level of randomization  schools (you can not randomize over individuals … that is give vitamins to some students in a class but not others) • Is there bias? Is the control group different than the treatment groups?  NO … because we made sure groups were the same before starting!!

  26. Results结果

  27. Findings (all students)研究发现 Total reduction in moderate rates of anemia (iron deficiencies): 贫血率下降： Initial levels干预前 Final levels干预后 (< 120 hb)(<120 hb) 39% 27% Severe anemia fell from 21.7 percent to 15.3 percent 严重贫血的学生贫血率从21.7%下降到 15.3%

  28. Testing results of Hypotheses (for children in vitamin schools, Hb count increase significantly compare to children from control schools)对学生贫血状况的影响 Hemoglobin 血红蛋白水平与对照组的差异 Difference statistically significant at 95% level of confidence差异在95%的水平上显著 服用维生素 给家长发信 对照 Type B Schools Type C Schools Type A Schools Smaller, but also statistically significant effect of providing information to the parents 信息干预也有助于缓解学生的贫血状况，但是效果没有服用维生素那么大

  29. More importantly, we also found positive effects on Standardized Math test Scores in vitamin intervention school对学生标准化数学考试成绩的正面影响 Math scores 数学得分 Difference statistically significant at 95% level of confidence差异在95%的水平上显著 服用维生素 给家长发信 对照 Type A Schools Type C Schools Type B Schools However, no statistically significant effect on math test score by providing information to the parents 然而, 只给家长一封信并不能显著提高数学成绩

  30. Is about 0.2 shift in standard deviation of the standardized math test distribution a large effect? 0.2个标准差的移动对于学业表现变化言意味着什么，效果明显或不明? • The Tennessee STAR program reduced class size from twenty-two to fifteen  improved test scores by about 0.21 standard deviations (Krueger and Whitmore 2001). • 美国田纳西的 STAR 关于小班化的项目（将班级人数从22减少到15个）对学生测试成绩的影响是0.21个标准差的移动 (Krueger and Whitmore 2001). • The Indian Balsakhi Program that provided tutoring for under-performing children in grade 3 or 4  improved test scores by 0.27 standard deviations (Banerjee et al 2007). • 印度关于给3-4年级后进儿童提供辅导的项目 对学生测试成绩的影响是0.27个标准差的移动 (Banerjee et al 2007). • A merit scholarship program for girls in Kenya  increased test scores by 0.28 standard deviations (Kremer, Miguel, and Thornton 2009) • 肯尼亚一个关于女童奖学金的项目对学生测试成绩的影响是0.28个标准差的移动 (Kremer, Miguel, and Thornton 2009)

  31. In summary小结 • We believe REAP has discovered a very fundamental problem  Anemia is a problem in Rural Shaanxi … • 我们相信REAP发现贫血是一个根本问题 在陕西贫困农村是一个问题… • It is problem of poor nutrition in schools … it is problem of the knowledge of parents … • 这是学校营养不好有关 … 这也和父母营养知识不足有关… • We also found that improving nutrition leads to improvements in educational performance … • 我们研究也发现改善营养可以促进学生学业表现明显改善 …

  32. Anemia is not just a problem in rural Shaanxi Province in 2008学生贫血不仅仅是陕西省的问题，其他贫困地区状况同样值得重视[results of REAP studies] [REAP的研究结果] • Province Survey time Anemia rate • 样本省 调查时间 贫血比例 • Ningxia宁夏2009 31% • Qinghai青海2009 52% • Shaanxi陕西2009 32% • Shaanxi陕西 2010 30% • Sichuan四川2010 32%

  33. So you can see, this answers the first question  • 所以你可以看到我们用行动回答了第一个问题 Q1: Can we do Impact Evaluation in China? Q1: 在中国可否开展影响评估? A1: yes … easy / fun / you learn a lot … if you start early … plan well (this is what the afternoon session is for … in fact, if you attend today and tomorrow’s session, you can create your own proposal to EVALUATE your own project!! A1: 是 … 不难 / 有趣 / 你可学到很多 … 如果开始的早… 计划得好 (这是今天下午要讲的 … 实际上,如果你参加今天下午和明天一天的讨论你就可以自己设计评估项目建议书了!!

  34. Q2: Does it have an impact? Q2: 这样做有效果吗?

  35. Snowball滚雪球效应 • Ningshan Vitamin Project • 项目2:宁陕维生素项目 • Paying for Performance (Ningxia and Qinghai) • 项目3:按绩效付酬项目 (宁夏和青海) • Is One Egg Enough? (Shaanxi) • 项目4:是否一个鸡蛋就够? (陕西) • Teaching Parents and Teachers and Principals about Nutrition (Ningxia) • 项目5:校长/老师/家长/学生互动共同克服贫血 • What Does One Egg Do? (Gansu) • 项目6:一个鸡蛋的效应? (宁夏) • Effectiveness and Efficiency of “Chewable Vitamins for Children” (Gansu) • 项目7:儿童咀嚼维生素的效果和效益 (宁夏 / 甘肃) • Besty Buy Tool Kit? [combining vitamins; deworming; eyeglasses and dorm room management into one package … for 1.5 yuan per day, we can raise test scores by 0.3 to 0.5 standard deviations!) • 项目8:营养健康工具包? [结合维生素、驱虫、视力矫正和寄宿制管理等 … 以每天1.5 元的成本，我们可以在短期内让学生的成绩提高0。3到0。5个标准差) • … New this year 2010新 Next year 2011

  36. Thank you! • Please visit us / contact us: • http://reap.stanford.edu • http://www.reapchina.org

More Related