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Cognition

Cognition. Social Learning Mechanisms. Social Learning Mechanisms. Mechanisms Stimulus or Social Enhancement (instrumental) Drawn to object by conspecific could learn via trial and error Observational Fear Conditioning (classical) UR caused by a conspecific

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Cognition

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  1. Cognition

  2. Social Learning Mechanisms

  3. Social Learning Mechanisms Mechanisms Stimulus or Social Enhancement (instrumental) Drawn to object by conspecific could learn via trial and error Observational Fear Conditioning (classical) UR caused by a conspecific Mimicry (“Monkey See-Monkey Do”) Copy for copying sake Imitation (copy to get goal) Copy exactly to get the same goal as the demonstrator Self vs. Other Perspective (“Theory of mind”)

  4. Food Preferences and Enhancement Rats prefer foods eaten by conspecifics not simply, smell of food associated with smell of the model rat rear end vs. front end matters asleep vs. awake doesn’t social (rat) vs nonsocial (cotton ball) matters

  5. Avian Bottle Openers Enhancement + Instrumental

  6. Observational Conditioning via Pavlov Snake CS Observer (Frightened by model’s reaction) Model US

  7. Mimicry, Imitation, Emulation Mimicry Not intentional Imitation Imitation, slavish copying with a goal Emulation, non-slavish copying with a goal (could be “copying of goal” + “trial and error”, or problem solving)

  8. Emulation vs. Imitation Movement Pull Push Ghost Model

  9. Results of Tomesello (2006)

  10. Children

  11. Theory of Mind • Understanding that others have mental processes that may differ from one’s own Emotions Knowledge Visual Perspective

  12. Knowledge Attribution • Povinelli (1991) • Knower – sees food being hidden • Guesser – outside of room • Stage 1: As above • Stage 2: Knower wears hat • Stage 3: Guesser stays in room with a bagged head

  13. Chimpanzees (Great Apes) Rhesus Monkeys (New World)

  14. Alternative Did chimps discriminate between the two situations based on subtle differences in how the “guesser” and “knower” acted? Maybe they choose the one with eyes open during hiding?

  15. “Begging Experiment” • Povinelli (1999) • Beg from “seeing” vs. “nonseeing” • Front vs. Back – Yes • Pail Beside vs. Over Head - No • Averted Eyes vs. Over Shoulder Look – No • Blindfold Mouth vs. Blindfold Eyes - No

  16. “Chimps Fail Begging Experiment”

  17. “Elephants Pass Begging Experiment” However, this doesn’t imply elephants can “mind-read”

  18. Mark Test • Gallup’s Mark Test (Great Apes)

  19. Mirror self-recognition: • Chimp, Bonobo – Yes • Orang-utan, Gorilla – Yes • Elephants – Maybe? • Dolphins –Maybe? • Pigeons –No

  20. Human versus Chimps Mind-reading Pointing Impulsive Cooperation Imitation Vis Memory Aud Memory Deception Poor No More Trainable Emulation Better Good Poor Skill Human Chimp • Good • Yes • Less • Spontaneous • Slavishly • Good • Better • Excellent

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