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KAEDAH ANALISIS FAEDAH KOS (AFK)

KAEDAH ANALISIS FAEDAH KOS (AFK). BAB 4 ; KAEDAH MENGIMBANGKAN FAEDAH DAN KOS. KONSEP. FAEDAH – SEBARANG PERKARA YANG MENINGKATKAN KEPUASAN / KESEJAHTERAAN KOS – PERKARA YANG MENGURANGKAN KEPUASAN DAN KESEJAJTERAAN

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KAEDAH ANALISIS FAEDAH KOS (AFK)

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  1. KAEDAH ANALISIS FAEDAH KOS (AFK) BAB 4 ; KAEDAH MENGIMBANGKAN FAEDAH DAN KOS

  2. KONSEP • FAEDAH – SEBARANG PERKARA YANG MENINGKATKAN KEPUASAN / KESEJAHTERAAN • KOS – PERKARA YANG MENGURANGKAN KEPUASAN DAN KESEJAJTERAAN • AFK – OBJEKTIF KECEKAPAN EKONOMI; MEMILIH PULIHAN YANG MEMAKSIMUMKAN FAEDAH BERSIH EKONOMI

  3. KONSEP AFK BERBEZADARI ANALISIS KEWANGAN: PERSPEKTIF MASYARAKAT BUKAN PERSENDIRIAN MENGGUNAKAN HARGA/KOS EKONOMI MENGAMBIL KIRA KESAN KEGAGALAN PASARAN DAN DASAR TERHADAP HARGA INPUT DAN OUTPUT

  4. PRINSIP • Sumber terhad. Jika diguna dalam satu projek ianya mempunyai kos melepas • Kos melepas adalah faedah terlepas bagi projek lain. Eg. Jika hutan dibalak wujud kos melepas penurunan peluang berekreasi atau penurunan kualiti air • AFK menggunakan prinsip memperolehi aliran tunai untuk ‘Dengan projek’ vs ‘Tanpa projek’

  5. Opsyen ‘Tanpa Projek’ melibatkan aliran tunai ke atas aktiviti-aktiviti yang sedia ada akan berlaku eg. Jika tiada Projek Pembalakan Mapan, kerja pembalakan konvensional dilakukan di mana banyak berlaku pengurangan perkhidmatan alam sekitar – hakisan, air sungei berkeladak, peluang rekreasi / memancing turun, kos membersih air naik

  6. Opsyen ‘Dengan Projek’ melibatkan aliran tunai ke atas aktiviti-aktiviti Projek Pembalakan Mapan Eg. • Wujud kawasan buffer maka luas kawasan membalak dan jumlah isi padu balak turun, • spesifikasi kerja pembalakan lebih ketat dan kos naik, • Tawaran perkhidmatan alam sekitar lebih – hakisan kurang, air sungei kurang berkeladak, peluang rekreasi / memancing lebih baik, kos membersih air turun

  7. Jangka masa aliran tunai perlu cukup lama untuk mengambil kira perubahan dan perbezaan impak diantara ‘Dengan Projek’ vs ‘Tanpa Projek’ • Kadar Diskaun: kos ke atas perolehan modal ; • Analisis kewangan : kos modal ekuiti dan faedah dari pinjaman • Analisis ekonomi : kos modal sosial

  8. ASAS PENGIRAAN • Kira • NKBw [dengan projek] • NKBwo [tanpa projek] • PNKB [NKBw –NKBwo] Projek diterima jika PNKB > 0

  9. Rangka Konseptual PNKB

  10. Rangka Konseptual PNKB

  11. Rangka Konseptual PNKB

  12. Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Kelebihan • Objektif di mana impak dinilai dan dimasukkan dalam analisis aliran tunai • Ambil kira prinsip kecekapan ekonomi Kelemahan • Abaikan isu ekuiti dari segi agihan untung rugi di kalangan stakeholder • Wujud isu ekuiti di antara generasi: bergantung pada kadar diskaun diguna.Jika tinggi mengurangkan kepentingan generasi mendatang

  13. Cost Benefit Analysis of Peat Swamp Forest Management byIncorporating The Benefits of Its Environmental Goods And Services* • Objective • To familiarize participants on how to conduct cost benefit analysis by incorporating environmental benefits in the • cash flow and to demonstrate the application of benefits cost analysis in forest management planning. • Data • The following data set is provided: • Net Benefits: • a. Average stumpage value Year 1 – 30 RM1,383/ha • b. Environmental benefits: • Agro-Hydrological Year 1 – 30 RM80/ha • Domestic water Year 1 – 30 values vary and given in spreadsheet. • Recreational benefits Year 1 – 30 RM9/visitor (Number of visitor is assumed 4,800/year) • (consumer surplus) • Rattan/bamboo Year 1 – 30 RM33.33/ha • Assumptions: • Total productive forest reserve: 26,649 ha • Cutting cycle: 30 years • Annual coupe: (26,649 ha/30 years) • Management cost (for one cutting cycle): • Pre-felling inventory Year: –2 RM70.00/ha • Tree marking Year: –1 RM70.00/ha • Post-felling Year: 2 RM70.00/ha • Annual administration annually RM50.00/ha • Survey and enforcement Year: 1 RM50.00/ha • Time frame for the analysis: 1 cutting cycle.

  14. Task • Calculate the Incremental Net Present Value (NPV) at 10 percent discount rate for a project on sustainable management of peat swamp forest . In this situation, the ‘with’ and ‘without’ project approach need to be employed. • The general formula is: • Incremental NPV = NPVW – NPVWO • where: • Incremental NPV = incremental net present value • NPVW = net present value with project • NPVWO = net present value without project • Specifically the formula can be written as: • NPVW = { å [Bt – Ct]w // (1+i)n } • NPVWO = { å [Bt – Ct]wo // (1+i)n } • where: • t is year of occurrence, and i is the discount rate. • Assuming that the with project approach is Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) with the following characteristics: • i) Stumpage value will be reduced by 10% (due to reduction in logging area following the setting aside of buffer zone and other management prescriptions). • ii). All other environmental benefits will increase by 10% (due to better management practices).

  15. KAEDAH JUMLAH NILAI EKONOMI (JNE) BAB 4 ; KAEDAH MENGIMBANGKAN FAEDAH DAN KOS

  16. KONSEP • Untuk menganggar sumbangan faedah biodiversiti / alam sekitar kepada masyarakat dan ekonomi negara • Diguna untuk menjustifikasi perlindungan kawasan sumber alam • JNE = NGL+NGTL+NP+NTG Dimana NGL – nilai guna langsung NGTL – nilai guna tak langsung NP – nilai opsyen NTG – nilai tanpa guna termasuk nilai kewujudan dan nilai warisan

  17. Kriteria penggunaan JNE • Linding kawasan alam sekitar jika JNE > Jumlah Kos Ekonomi (JKE) • JKE = JKL + FBTx dimana • JKL – jumlah kos langsung • FBTx - faedah bersih yang terlepas akibat melindungi kawasan sumber alam

  18. CASE STUDY: THE TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE OF SAMOA’S TERRESTRIAL AND MARINE BIODIVERSITY • The importance of Samoa’s biodiversity to its economy is not explicitly known, since many of the country’s services are not transacted through formal markets: indeed, in some cases markets do not exist to allow payments for their utilisation. Economic valuation techniques were used to assess the TEVs of Samoa’s marine and terrestrial resources, particularly forests. • Table shows the TEV for Samoa’s marine and terrestrial resources. The first estimate of ST$21.0 million per annum (about 2.7 per cent of Samoa’s GDP) refers to the TEV from the citizens’ perspective. This contribution is particularly significant, given that these resources are the primary input into the country’s fisheries, forest and tourist sectors, which together comprise more than 30 per cent of the Samoan economy.

  19. TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE OF THE FOREST AND MARINE RESOURCES OF SAMOA

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