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The Holocaust

The Holocaust. Chapter 24 Section 3. Introduction. As part of their vision for Europe, the Nazis proposed a new racial order.

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The Holocaust

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  1. The Holocaust Chapter 24Section 3

  2. Introduction • As part of their vision for Europe, the Nazis proposed a new racial order. • They proclaimed that the Germanic peoples, or Aryans, were a “master race.” (a misuse of the term Aryan, which actually refers to the Indo-European peoples who began to migrate into the Indian subcontinent around 1500 B.C.) • The Nazis claimed that all non-Aryan peoples, particularly Jewish people, were inferior. • This racist message would eventually lead to the Holocaust, the systematic mass slaughter of Jews and other groups judged inferior by the Nazis.

  3. The Holocaust Begins • Hitler knowingly tapped into a hatred for Jews that had deep roots in European history. • Jews as scapegoats for • personal failures. • Germany’s defeat in World War I • Targeting Jews government policy • 1935 Nuremberg Laws made it illegal to marry a Jew. Other laws limited the work of Jews.

  4. 1935- Nuremberg Race Laws

  5. “Night of Broken Glass” • On November 7, 1938, Herschel Grynszpan (pictured) a Jewish youth from Germany, shot a German diplomat living in Paris to avenge his father’s deportation to Poland. • November 9, 1938: In retaliation Nazi leaders in Germany launched a violent attack on the Jewish community on November 9, 1938. This attack was carried out by the SA (storm troopers) and SS, who attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues. This night was called Kristallnacht.

  6. Burning Synagogue on Kristallnacht

  7. Did you know? • Kristallnacht was not just staged without planning, but served a specific purpose in Nazi policy toward the Jews. The SA was under strict orders to confiscate any firearms owned by Jews when ransacking Jewish homes and businesses. This would prevent any significant armed resistance to Nazi policies in the future. This picture is typical of the smashed windows of Jewish businesses on Kristallnacht.

  8. A Flood of Refugees • By the end of 1939, a number of German Jews had fled to other countries. • At first, Hitler favored emigration as a solution to what he called “the Jewish problem.” • After admitting tens of thousands of Jewish refugees, France, Britain, and the United States abruptly closed their doors to further immigration. • The St. Louis is turned away from the US.

  9. Isolating the Jews • Hitler then ordered Jews in all countries under his control to be moved to designated cities called ghettos. • After 1941, all Jews in German controlled areas had to wear a yellow Star of David patch (pictured).

  10. The “Final Solution” • Hitler’s plan called the “Final Solution” was a genocide plan to systematically kill an entire people. • Hitler wanted to purify the “Aryan” race. • He tried to eliminate other groups he viewed as “subhuman.” • Roma (gypsies), Poles, Russians • the insane • the disabled • the incurably ill

  11. The Killings Begin • As the Nazis moved across Europe the SS killing squads rounded up men, women, children, and even babies and shot them in pits where they were buried. • Other Jews were rounded up and herded into concentration camps where they were slave labor. • Inmates would work seven days a week for the SS or for German businesses. Food consisted of thin soup, scraps of bread, and potato peelings. Most inmates lost 50 lbs quickly.

  12. Phase 1 = Shooting • Jews were rounded up and told they were to be relocated • They were taken to the woods and were shot one by one • their bodies were buried in mass graves

  13. Phase 2 = Gas Vans • Again, Jews were rounded up and told they were to be relocated in vans • The vans were equipped so that the van’s exhaust was piped back into the van 700,000 Jews killed in Vans

  14. Problems with Phases 1,2 • The Nazis encountered several problems with the executions and gas vans • First, they were both taking to much time • Second, resources such as gas and munitions were becoming scarce • Third, soldiers involved were beginning to have psychological problems with what they were doing.

  15. Phase 3 = The Camps • Nazi leaders decided to drastically speed up the Final Solution • there were two different types of camps: • CONCENTRATION CAMPS • EXTERMINATION CAMPS • Jews from all over occupied Europe were to be brought here.

  16. The Final Stage • In 1942 the Germans built huge exterminations camps equipped with gas chambers that could kill as many as 6,000 people in a day. • Committees of Nazi doctors separated the strong (mostly men) from the weak (women, children, and elderly). The weak went to their deaths in the gas chambers usually that day. • The victims were told to undress and head into the gas chambers under the guise they were taking showers. Cyanide gas from Zyklon B granules came through the fake showerheads.

  17. CAMPS IN POLAND

  18. CHELMNO Jews from the Lodz ghetto in Poland sent here First death camp built = 1941 First to use Gas Vans on Jews

  19. MAJDANEK • Established in 1941 as a POW camp • started its part in the Final Solution in 1942 • Jews, Poles and Soviet POW’s sent here • had two gas chambers to exterminate

  20. AUSCHWITZ • Started operations in January 1940 (Poland) • Himmler chose Auschwitz as the place for the Final Solution • had 4 gas chambers/crematories by 1943 • mass killings with Zyklon B gas • commanded by Rudolph Hoess • recorded 12,000 kills in one day

  21. Auschwitz Death Camp, Poland .

  22. This wheeled table helped transport the bodies of the gassed victims to the ovens for cremation.

  23. This mechanism rotated the table upon which the bodies of the gassed victims were transferred to the ovens for cremation.

  24. There was once a building standing here, but this is the area where the Nazis themselves burned this building down to attempt to destroy evidence of the death camps.

  25. These are burned down barracks where the Nazis again tried to destroy evidence of atrocities in the Auschwitz camp.

  26. Empty Zyklon B canisters found by the Allies at Auschwitz at the end of World War II Zyklon B granules on display at Auschwitz

  27. Dr. Josef Mengele • Arrived in Auschwitz in May of 1943 • SS Doctor who had power of life/death • performed medical experiments on Jewish children “ANGEL OF DEATH”

  28. MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS • Sterilization of men and women • endurance of pain to high and low temperatures and pressure • experiments on twins to increase number of multiple births to Aryan women • injections of phenol to kill patients • Dr. Mengele attempted to sew children together to make Siamese twins

  29. MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS EXTRACTED HUMAN ORGANS EXPERIMENTS ON CHILDREN IN AUSCHWITZ

  30. OPERATION REINHARD • Largest single massacre of Holocaust • March 1942-November 1943 • named after Reinhard Heydrich • carried out at three camps, run by the SS • every Jew that arrived at one of the camps would be dead in 2 hours. • Total of 1,700,000 Jews killed

  31. BELZEC • MARCH 1942 • JEWS FROM LUBIN GHETTO- POLAND • OPERATIONS STOP DECEMBER 1942 • CAMP WAS DISMANTLED AND PLOWED OVER AND PLANTED ON

  32. SOBIBOR • MAY 1942 • 3 GAS CHAMBERS • ESCAPE OF 300 JEWS AND SOVIET POW’S • ONLY 50 LIVE • GAS CHAMBERS SHUT DOWN AFTER ESCAPE

  33. TREBLINKA • JEWS FROM WARSAW GHETTO • 10 GAS CHAMBERS • LOCATED EAST OF WARSAW • BODIES WERE BURNED IN OPEN PITS • AUGUST 1943

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