AP BIOLOGY Chapters 4 & 5

AP BIOLOGYChapters 4 & 5 http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/740/55147.JPG http://www.yellowtang.org/images/macromolecules1_tb_784.jpg

Identify the following functional groups sulfhydryl carbonyl carboxyl Hydroxyl(alcohol) phosphate amino Images from: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/Groups_5.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate

Identify the kind of molecules ketone aldehyde Images from: http://www.chemcases.com/nutra/nutra1b.htm

Identify the asymmetric carbon in the following molecule B is asymmetric; it has 4 different groups attached Campbell and Reece 7th edition

Identify the type of geometric isomeras TRANS or CIS CIS TRANS http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png

adding a phosphate group to ADP • Cells store energy by ________________ • a) Adding a phosphate group to ADP • b) Removing a phosphate group from ATP Compounds containing carbon are called ___________ organic

carbonyl phosphate • IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN THIS TRIPEPTIDE sulfhydryl carboxyl amino hydroxyl carbonyl ? Modified from Cambell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition Chapter 4 Self quiz

4 • Carbon atoms are able to form bonds with • ___ different atoms at the same time. The ionized form of an amino group has a___ charge at cellular pH 7.2 positive http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/ionized%20amino%20group.gif

It can form 4 covalent bonds • Carbon is tetravalent. What does this mean?

These are examples of which kind of isomer you learned abouut? geometric http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png

Molecules that are mirror images of each other that differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon are called ________________ Enantiomers (stereoisomers) How are isomers are different from isotopes? ISOMERS are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures ISOTOPES are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Nonpolar • Hydrocarbons contain many _________carbon-hydrogen bonds. • polar nonpolar The ionized form of a carboxyl group has a___ charge at cellular pH 7.2 negative http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm

Chemical process that splits (lysis) water molecules (hydro) and breaks a covalent bond as the OH- and H groups are added back to the original monomer is called: hydrolysis http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

Chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule Condensation reaction (Dehydration synthesis) Name the four main classes of biological macromolecules Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

monosaccharides • The simplest sugars are called • ________________ GLYCOGEN _____________ is the highly branched polysaccharide used by animal cells to store glucose. Also called animal starch NONPOLAR Lipids are____________ molecules polar nonpolar

Chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water. hydrolysis http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

dissaccharides • Molecules made of two monosaccharides • are called ______________ The subunits joined to make proteinsare _______________ amino acids The major polysaccharide component found in plant cell walls is _____________________ cellulose

6 4 1 3 2 • Use the correct numbering sequence to identify the number of this carbon 5

polysaccharides • Carbohydrates made from joining manysugar molecules together are called • ____________________ Glucose and fructose can be joined to makesucrose via a ___________________ reaction. dehydration synthesis

The two interconvertible forms of glucose differ in the placement of the hydroxyl group attached to the #1 carbon. • Label the two forms as α (alpha) or ß (beta) BETA ALPHA Hydroxyl is up Hydroxyl is down http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/543Halphabetaglucose.gif

starch • Amylose and amylopectin are both forms of _____________ How are these different? Amylose is unbranched and joined only by α 1,4 linkages Amylopectin is branched with 1,6 linkagesat the branch points

Starch is made up of glucose rings in the α (alpha) form joined by 1,4 linkages; helical; can be branched; humans can digest this Cellulose is made up of glucose rings in the ß (beta) form so every other glucose is upside down the respect to its neighbors; joined with 1,4 linkages; straight-never branched; hydrogen bonds join parallel molecules into microfibrils; humans can’t digest this • How are starch and cellulose different?

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages. cellulose Where is chitin found in nature? Cell walls of fungi; exoskeletons of arthropods

Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together? Hydrogen bonds hold about 80 cellulose molecules together to make a microfibril Image modified from: Campbell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition

Image modified from: http://www.yskf.jp/yskf_en/img_03/03_01.gif N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) • This subunit is _________________ It can be joined together in long chains by ß 1,4 linkages to make _________ chitin

Which kind of fatty acids have kinks in their shape so that they don’t pack closely together- saturated or unsaturated? unsaturated Another name for a triacylglycerol molecule fat

What kind of bond is a disulfide bridge? • ionic covalent hydrogen covalent A fatty acid possessing one or more doublebonds between carbons in the hydrocarbontail is called _______________ unsaturated

Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together? Hydrogen bonds A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by singlebonds is called _______________ saturated

glucose • The subunit used to make starch, cellulose, and glycogen is __________ The sequence of amino acids in a proteinis called the ________ structure Primary 1o

The polysaccharide made up of glucose subunits with a nitrogen containing group attached which is used to build the exoskeletons of arthropods is called_______________ chitin A fat is made up of one ________ molecule and three ___________ molecules. glycerol fatty acid

L • Amino acid molecules used by living things are • usually the ___ stereoisomer version. • L or D The covalent bond that joins sugarmolecules to make a polysaccharide is called a _________ bond. glycosidic

Secondary 2o • The alpha helix coiling and beta pleated sheet shapes seen in proteins is called the _____________ structure. Which kinds of bond holds these together? Hydrogen bonds between the C=O ofone amino acid and the N-H of another

The addition of smaller similar subuints to build a large repeating molecule is called polymerization The subunits are called___________ and themolecule that is formed iscalled a ______________ monomers polymer Image by K.Riedell

D • Sugar molecules used by living things are • usually the ___ stereoisomer version. • L or D The structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls that provides supportis ____________ cellulose

Chaparonins • _____________ are molecules that help proteins fold up into their correct 3D • shape by shielding them from the cytoplasmic environment. Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th ed.

hexoses • Sugars with 6 carbons are called • _______________ Sucrose is made by joining which 2 sugars? Glucose + fructose = sucrose

disaccharides • Sugars made from 2 sugar monomers are called __________________ Name one of the polysaccharides you learned about. Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

The kind of covalent bond that joins amino acids together is called a _________ bond peptide → http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg

liquid • Unsaturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature. • solidliquid http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm

The folding of a protein molecule into its 3D shape due to the interactions of R side chains involved hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, an disulfide bridges result in its ___________ structure. Tertiary 3o

http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpghttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg • Tell the kind of macromolecule you learned about that could be built from these subunits Fat (triacylglycerol) http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/chemfat.html

This isomer of glucose • in which the -OH on C1 hangs down below the plane of the ring is called • _____ glucose α Name a polysaccharide that this form ofglucose could be used to make Starch (amylose or amylopectin) or glycogen

Quaternary 4o • The association of multiple protein chainstogether results in its _____________ http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg

solid • Saturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature. • solidliquid http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm

This isomer of glucose • in which the -OH on C1 sticks up above the plane of the ring is called • _____ glucose ß Name a polysaccharide that this form ofglucose could be used to make Cellulose or chitin (if nitrogen group added)

Name this type of • Lipid characterized • by a carbon skeleton • consisting of 4 rings • with various • functional groups steroids

hexoses • Sugar molecules with 6 carbons arecalled ________ Which nitrogen base is not found in RNA? thymine

Name this steroid • from which other • steroids including • human sex hormones • are synthesized. cholesterol Which part of a phospholipid is polar? Glycerol-phosphate head

http://z.hubpages.com/u/105829_f520.jpg A diet high in____________ fats is one of the factors that can contribute to cardiovascular disease. saturated • saturated unsaturated

Differences: Glycogen Starch • CONTRAST: GLYCOGEN and STARCH Highly branched amylose (unbranched) amylopectin (less branched than glycogen) Made by animals made by plants α 1,4 & 1,6

AP BIOLOGY Chapters 4 & 5