Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

1. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Chapter 29

2. Circulatory System • Heart • Right heart • Pumps blood through the lungs (pulmonary circulation) • Left heart • Pumps blood through the systemic circulation

3. Circulatory System

4. Circulatory System • Heart • Mediastinum • Heart wall • Pericardium • Parietal and visceral • Pericardial cavity and fluid • Myocardium • Endocardium

5. The Heart Wall

6. The Chambers of the Heart • Right atrium • Left atrium • Right ventricle • Left ventricle

7. The Chambers of the Heart

8. The Valves of the Heart • Atrioventricular valves • Tricuspid valve • Bicuspid valve • Semilunar valves • Pulmonic semilunar valve • Aortic semilunar valve

9. The Valves of the Heart

10. The Great Vessels • Superior and inferior venae cavae • Pulmonary artery (trunk) • Right and left pulmonary arteries • Pulmonary veins

11. Blood Flow • Cardiac cycle • Diastole • Systole • Phases of the cardiac cycle

12. Blood Flow

13. Normal Intracardiac Pressures • A wave • V wave • X descent • Y descent • C wave

14. Normal Intracardiac Pressures

15. Normal Intracardiac Pressures

16. The Coronary Vessels • Right coronary artery • Conus • Right marginal branch • Posterior descending branch • Left coronary artery • Left anterior descending artery • Circumflex artery

17. The Coronary Vessels • Collateral arteries • Coronary capillaries • Coronary veins • Coronary sinus • Great cardiac vein • Posterior vein of the left ventricle • Coronary lymphatic vessels

18. The Coronary Vessels

19. Structures That Control Heart Action • Cardiac action potentials • Conduction system • Sinoatrial node (SA) • Intranodal pathways • Atrioventricular node (AV) • Bundle of His (AV bundle) • Right and left bundle branches • Purkinje fibers

20. Conduction System of the Heart

21. Structures That Control Heart Action • Cardiac excitation • Propagation of cardiac action potentials • Depolarization • Repolarization • Electocardiogram • Automaticity • Rhythmicity

22. Structures That Control Heart Action • Cardiac innervation • Sympathetic nerves • Parasympathetic nerves • Adrenergic receptor function • α- or β-adrenergic receptors • Norepinephrine or epinephrine

23. Autonomic Innervation of the Cardiovascular System

24. Myocardial Cells • Nearly identical to skeletal muscle cells • Intercalated disks • Actin, myosin, and the troponin-tropomyosin complex • Troponin T, I, and C • Myocardial metabolism • Myocardial oxygen consumption

25. Myocardial Contraction and Relaxation

26. Cardiac Performance • Preload • Afterload • Frank-Starling law of the heart • End-diastolic volume • Laplace law

27. Cardiac Performance • Heart rate • Cardiovascular control center • Cardioexcitatory and cardioinhibitory centers • Neural reflexes • Bainbridge and baroreceptor reflexes • Atrial receptors • Hormones and biochemicals

28. Cardiac Performance • Myocardial contractility • Stroke volume • Inotropic agents • Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels • Cardiac output • Volume of blood flowing through either the systemic or pulmonary circuit in liters per minute

29. Cardiac Output

30. Systemic Circulation • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries • Venules • Veins

31. Structure of Blood Vessels • Lumen • Tunica intima • Tunica media • Tunica externa (adventitia)

32. Endothelium

33. Structure of Blood Vessels

34. Factors Affecting Blood Flow • Poiseuille law • Pressure • Force exerted on a liquid per unit area • Resistance • Opposition to force • Diameter and length of the blood vessels contribute to resistance

35. Factors Affecting Blood Flow • Neural control of total peripheral resistance • Change in diameter of the vessels • Baroreceptors • Arterial chemoreceptors

36. Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptors

37. Factors Affecting Blood Flow • Velocity • Laminar vs. turbulent flow • Vascular compliance

38. Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow

39. Regulation of Blood Pressure • Arterial pressure • Mean arterial pressure (MAP) • Effects of cardiac output • Effects of total peripheral resistance • Effect of hyperemia • Effects of hormones • Epinephrine and norepinephrine • Antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin system, and natriuretic peptides

40. Regulation of Blood Pressure • Adrenomedullin • Insulin • Venous pressure

41. Regulation of Coronary Circulation • Coronary perfusion pressure • Autoregulation • Autonomic regulation

42. Lymphatic System • Special vascular system that picks up excess fluid and returns it to the bloodstream • Lymphatic fluid • Lymphatic veins and venules • Right lymphatic duct • Thoracic duct • Afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels

43. Lymphatic System

44. Tests of Cardiovascular Function • Noninvasive assessments • Sensorium of the individual • Mucous membrane color • Manually palpated pulse • Auscultation of heart sounds • Cardiography

45. Tests of Cardiovascular Function • Noninvasive assessments • Pulse tracing • Magnetic resonance imaging • Doppler studies • Stress testing • Chest x-ray examinations

46. Tests of Cardiovascular Function • Invasive assessments • X-ray films with barium • Nuclear imaging with radiolabeled pharmaceuticals • Hot spot imaging • Cold spot imaging • Tomographic studies

47. Tests of Cardiovascular Function • Invasive assessments • Atrioventricular bundle electrocardiography • Cardiac catheterization • Coronary angiography

48. Aging and the Cardiovascular System • Arteriosclerosis • Cross linking of collagen • Increased collagen • Changes in elastin • Atherosclerosis

49. Aging and the Cardiovascular System