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Andrea Vianello S.C. Fisiopatologia Respiratoria Ospedale-Università di Padova

L’organizzazione di una UTIR oggi. Andrea Vianello S.C. Fisiopatologia Respiratoria Ospedale-Università di Padova. Non-Invasive Ventilation. “a form of ventilatory support that avoids airway invasion”. Hill et al Crit Care Med 2007; 35:2402-7. Tipi di IRA trattabili mediante NIV.

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Andrea Vianello S.C. Fisiopatologia Respiratoria Ospedale-Università di Padova

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  1. L’organizzazione di una UTIR oggi Andrea Vianello S.C. Fisiopatologia Respiratoria Ospedale-Università di Padova

  2. Non-Invasive Ventilation “a form of ventilatory support that avoids airway invasion” Hill et al Crit Care Med 2007; 35:2402-7

  3. Tipi di IRA trattabili mediante NIV Metha & Hill, AJRCCM 2001

  4. NIV: Change in practice over time • 1992-1996 (mean pH = 7.25+/-0.07) 1997-1999 (7.20+/-0.08; P<0.001). • > 1997 - risk of failure pH <7.25 three fold lower than in 1992-1996. • > 1997 ARF with a pH >7.28 were treated in Medical Ward (20% vs 60%). • Daily cost per patient treated with NIV (€558+/-8 vs €470+/-14,P<0.01) Carlucci et al Intens Care Med 2003; 3:419-25

  5. NIV VS TRATTAMENTO STANDARD Keenan S et al

  6. NIV VS TRATTAMENTO STANDARD Keenan S et al

  7. Paziente con riacutizzazione acidotica di BPCO Terapia medica + O2 q.b. per SpO2 89-92%

  8.  VCO2 Airway narrowing & obstruction Airway Inflammation  Frictional WOB Shortened muscles curvature Auto- PEEP  Elastic WOB Gas trapping  muscle strength VT VE • PaCO2 • pH • PaO2 VA

  9.  VCO2 usa i farmaci e bene ! Airway narrowing & obstruction Airway Inflammation Steroids  Frictional WOB Abx Shortened muscles curvature Auto- PEEP BDs  Elastic WOB Gas trapping Teophylline  muscle strength VT VE • PaCO2 • pH • PaO2 VA

  10. MV  VCO2 usa i farmaci e bene ! Airway narrowing & obstruction Airway Inflammation Steroids  Frictional WOB Abx PEEP Shortened muscles curvature Auto- PEEP BDs  Elastic WOB Gas trapping Teophylline MV  muscle strength VT VE MV • PaCO2 • pH • PaO2 VA

  11. pH > 7.35 >7.30 pH < 7.35 pH < 7.30 pH < 7.20 Paziente con riacutizzazione acidotica di BPCO Terapia medica + O2 q.b. per SpO2 89-92% Ripetizione di EGA NIV non indicata

  12. NIV consigliata l’80% dei pazienti migliora comunque con terapia standard Ogni 10 pazienti trattati con NIV si evita 1 ETI; NIV migliora la dispnea >7.30 pH < 7.35 NIV altamente consigliata Senza NIV 1 paziente su 2 necessita di ETI NIV migliora la sopravvivenza pH < 7.30 NIV altamente consigliata 1 paziente su 2 fallisce NIV Tuttavia con NIV migliora outcome ospedaliero e sopravvivenza a 1 anno pH < 7.20

  13. Keenan S et al

  14. Keenan S et al

  15. Definition of the three levels of care European Task Force on Respiratory Intermediate Care Survey Corrado et al, ERJ 2002;20:1343-50

  16. Flow chart of the management of acute exacerbations of COPD Ambrosino et al, ERJ 2008; 31: 874–886

  17. Respiratory Intensive Care Unit • Patients who require, or may soon require ETI • More than one organ/system failure • Haemodynamic instability • Patients needing invasive monitoring • Severe acidosis

  18. Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit • Patients with life threatening respiratory illness but not likely to need ETI in the near future • Require mask CPAP for RF • One organ/system system failure • High level monitoring • Patients with a tracheostomy

  19. General Ward • Intubation unlikely, not indicated • Elective, semi-elective NIV • pH > 7,30

  20. Strategic use of NIV • Concentrate staff expertise • Training focus for NIV for medical, nursing and paramedical staff • Concentrate equipment • Facilitate link with ICU • Audit, data collection

  21. Safety first! • Patient selection • Safe staffing levels • Rolling programme of staff training and protocols • Adequate monitoring • Ability to intubate & transfer pts to ICU • Suitable alarms Simonds ERS school

  22. Staffing of resp int care unit( or location with high number of NIV pts) • Nurse to pt ratio 1:4 (1:6 ?) • Senior Physician on call for 24 hours • Training for nurses and trainee medical staff • Dedicated physiotherapist • Technical service • Strong links with ICU Simonds ERS school

  23. HUMAN WORKLOAD in RICU Nava et al.Chest 97;111:1631

  24. 25% of the respondents use hand restraints in >30% of the patients. Is this the way to solve the problem ? Some mild sedation may be prescribed

  25. NIV NELL’IRA IN BPCO • EBM dell’efficacia della NIV vs il trattamento standard e vs VM invasiva • A quale paziente, in quale ambiente, con che strumenti? • Fallimento della NIV

  26. Portable ventilator ICU ventilator ICU ventilator

  27. ICU Portable Mode availability limited maximal Monitoring limited expanded Alarm function limited expanded Handling simple complex Trigger problems rarely possible Leak compensation frequently limited Oxygen blender depending always CO2 re-breathing potentially no Weight light heavy Costs less expensive expensive Staff familiarity is key to success!

  28. BTS Equipment Recommendations Staff familiarity is key to success

  29. Interfaces

  30. ATS-ERS position paper:Standards for COPD. ERJ 2004; 23:932 Flow-chart for the use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) during exacerbation of COPD complicated by acute respiratory failure. Punto chiave

  31. Management of tracheal intubation in the respiratory intensive care unit by pulmonary physicians. A.VIANELLO, G. ARCARO, F. BRACCIONI, F. GALLAN, C. GREGGIO, A. MARANGONI, C. ORI, M. MINUZZO Attento monitoraggio e rapido accesso ad ETI in caso di mancata risposta! Respir Care 2007; 52:26-30

  32. Problemi legatiall’uso di NIV in acuto • Fallimento primario: legato all’operatore • Fallimento secondario: legato all’affezione sottostante

  33. Fallimento primario di NIV • Selezione del paziente • Scelta della maschera e settaggio del ventilatore • Ambiente inadeguato

  34. Totale desincronizzazione durante PSV cortesia del dott.G. Polese

  35. Un eccesso di supporto cortesia del dott.G. Polese

  36. Totale desincronizzazione durante PSV (perdite) cortesia del dott.G. Polese

  37. Fallimento secondario di NIV in acutodopo successoiniziale nella COPD • Fallimento complessivo di NIV 10-20% • Fallimento tardivo (>48 ore) 5-40% • Fattori di rischio: basso ADL, comorbidità mediche, basso pH • Trattamento con ETI+MV (mortalità 52.6%) o NIV più agggressiva (mortalità 91.6%) • Complessiva mortalità ospedaliera 67.7% Moretti at al Thorax 2000;55:819-25

  38. After two hours

  39. Location summary

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