American Government Roots and Reform

1. American Government Roots and Reform Thirteenth Edition Chapter 8 The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy

2. Learning Objectives 8.1 Outline the development of the federal bureaucracy. 8.2 Describe how the federal budget is organized. 8.3 Describe how the federal bureaucracy is staffed. 8.4 Identify the roles and responsibilities of the federal bureaucracy. 8.5 Identify the means of controlling the federal bureaucracy.

3. 8.1 Roots of the Federal Bureaucracy • The Civil War and the Growth of Government • From the Spoils System to the Merit System • Regulating Commerce • The World Wars and the Growth of Government

4. 8.1 The Civil War and the Growth of Government • Permanent Changes to the Federal Bureaucracy • Department of Agriculture (1862) • Pension Office (1866) • Department of Justice (1870) • Authorization of thousands of new employees

5. 8.1 From the Spoils System to the Merit System • Patronage System (Spoils System) • Federal jobs given to loyal supporters • Merit System • Jobs given according to ability • Established by the Pendleton Act • Civil Service System • Covers more than 90 percent of federal employees

6. 8.1 Which U.S. President Popularized the Spoils System?

7. 8.1 Regulating Commerce • New Agencies • Interstate Commerce Commission (1887) • Federal Trade Commission (1913) • Department of Commerce and Labor split into two departments (1913) • Reaction to Economic Growth and Unfair Business Practices • Sixteenth Amendment (1913) • Federal income tax

8. Figure 8.1 How Many Employees Work in the Federal Executive Branch? Source: Office of Personnel Management; U.S. Census Bureau.

9. 8.1 The World Wars and the Growth of Government • Franklin D. Roosevelt • Social programs during Depression • World War II Veterans Benefits • G.I. Bill • Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission • Department of Housing and Urban Development • Department of Transportation

10. 8.1 How Did World War II Change Government?

11. 8.1 Journal Prompt • Outline the development of the federal bureaucracy.

12. 8.2 Formal Organization of the Bureaucracy • Formal Organization • Government Workers and Political Involvement

13. 8.2 Formal Organization • Cabinet Departments • Independent Executive Agencies • Independent Regulatory Commissions • Government Corporations

14. Figure 8.2 What Are the Cabinet Departments?

15. 8.2 What Do Government Corporations Do?

16. 8.2 Government Workers and Political Involvement • Hatch Act • Limits federal employees’ political activities • Amendments to the Hatch Act • Employees may run for office in nonpartisan elections. • Employees may donate to political organizations. • Employees may campaign for candidates while off-duty.

17. 8.2 Journal Prompt • Describe how the federal bureaucracy is organized.

18. 8.3 Who Are Bureaucrats? • Most Are Part of the Civil Service System. • Positions filled through competitive exams or rankings • 10 Percent of Workforce Not Part of Civil Service System • 3,500 presidential appointees • Independent regulatory commissioners • Low-level, nonpolicy patronage positions • Decentralization • High Turnover in Key Positions

19. Figure 8.5 Who Are Federal Workers? Source: EEOC Annual Report on the Federal Work Force Part II, Workforce Statistics, Fiscal Year 2011 (EEOC Annual Report FY 2011).

20. Figure 8.6 What Are the Federal Agency Regions and Where Are Their Headquarters Located? Source: Department of Health and Human Services, www.hhs.gov/images/regions.gif.

21. 8.3 Journal Prompt • Describe how the federal bureaucracy is staffed.

22. 8.4 How the Bureaucracy Works • Relationships among Policy Actors • Making Policy

23. 8.4 Relationships among Policy Actors • Iron Triangles • Issue Networks • Interagency Councils • Policy Coordinating Committees

24. Figure 8.7 What Constitutes an Iron Triangle?

25. 8.4 Making Policy • Rule Making • Quasi-legislative process • Regulations have the force of law • Administrative Procedures Act establishes process. • Administrative Adjudication • Quasi-judicial process • Method of settling disputes between parties

26. Figure 8.8 How Is a Regulation Made?

27. 8.4 Journal Prompt • Identify the roles and responsibilities of the federal bureaucracy.

28. 8.5 Toward Reform: Making the Bureaucracy Accountable • Executive Control • Congressional Control • Judicial Control

29. 8.5 Executive Control • Delegation of Power • Makes controlling bureaucracy difficult • Reorganization of the Bureaucracy • Requires congressional approval • Executive Orders • Directions to agencies that have the force of law

30. 8.5 Congressional Control • Confirmation or Rejection of Agency Appointees • Oversight and Investigations • Proactive or reactive • Power of the Purse • Budget authorization • Appropriations

31. 8.5 Judicial Control • Injunctions or Orders • Even before a rule is publicized • Enforcement of Due Process Rights • Threat of Litigation

32. Table 8.2 How Are Agencies Made Accountable?

33. 8.5 Journal Prompt • Identify the means of controlling the federal bureaucracy.

34. 8.6 Shared Writing • Consider the topic of the “American Politics in Comparative Perspective” feature. In parliamentary systems, both the prime minister and the cabinet are ultimately accountable to parliament. In the United States, the executive and legislative branches are separate and co-equal. What are the major advantages and disadvantages of each system?

35. Photo Credits Chapter 8 173: Bettmann/Getty Images; 176: Bettmann/Getty Images; 178: AP Images; 182: Gerald Herbert/AP Images; 191: Mark Boster/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images