The Cell and Its Components

1. The Cell and Its Components Chapter 2 – Biology 12, McGraw-Hill Ryerson 2011

2. VS.

3. Eukaryote or Prokaryote?

4. The Cell Nucleus Chromosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Cytoplasm Vacuole Lysosomes Mitochondria Chloroplast Cell membrane Cell Wall A Factory The “Boss” The conveyor belt The Instructions or Plan The brick walls The Assembler The Packager The solar generator The forklifts The recycler or maintenance The Power Plant The loading dock The Water Tower The Cell is a factory that produces proteins.

5. Animal Cell • Golgi Apparatus (aka Golgi body or complex) • Membranes involved in carbohydrate synthesis, protein modification and transport. • Nucleus • (pl. Nuclei) • Controls most cell processes • Contains DNA Microtubules: Tiny threadlike material used for the transport of organelles or other material in the cytoplasm. Centrioles • Vacuole • Small capsules which can store and transport water, nutrients, salts and waste Spindle Fibres • Nucleolus • dark spherical structure which produces rRNA and mRNA (templates for creating ribosome) • Mitochondrion • membranes convert chemical fuels into energy for the cell and other cells • Lysosomes • Enzyme filled sacs (acid hydrolases) that breakdown cellular material to be excreted or re-used by the cell) • Chromatin • Thread-like structure made of DNA and Protein • Rough & Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Series of passageways in which proteins are created and transported. • Cytoplasm • Fluid like substance which cells move within • Cell membrane • Double layer surface which provides structure • Gateway for materials going in and out of cell

6. Plant Cell Nucleus (pl. nuclei) • Cell Wall • Provides support and protection for the cell • Made of a stiff material called carbohydrates Chromosomes • Chloroplast • Energy from sunlight is converted to food energy for the cell • Vacuole • Much bigger

7. The Nucleus • The nucleus consists of: • Chromosomes, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, & nuclear pore complex

8. The Nucleus • Its function is to • Store and replicate genetic information • Chromosomes contain DNA + protein • Chromosome number varies from one species to another • Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) • Mosquitoes have 6 chromosomes (3 pairs) • Dogs have 78, cats have 38, donkeys have 62

9. The Nucleus • The nuclear envelope has a double membrane & is studded with proteins (pores) • These allow small particles such as water and ions to travel freely through it, but not large molecules like RNA

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Membrane bound tubules and sacs • Some parts have ribosomes on its surface (Rough ER); some don’t (Smooth ER) • Its function is to produce lipids (testosterone, estrogen) and proteins

11. The Endomembrane System • Consists of: • Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles • Its function is to: • Synthesize, modify, & transport proteins (and other cell products) • On the RER, polypeptides are made and enter the lumen • On the SER, a vesicle pinches off when the protein is ready to be transported • On the Golgi, more modification occurs (e.g. Adding carb chains like glycoproteins)

12. The Endomembrane System

13. The Golgi Apparatus • Main function: to store, modify and package proteins shipped from the ER for use in our out of cell. • The Golgi membrane looks like a stack of flattened balloons. • Proteins fuse with the membrane after being modified. • They are then “pinched off” (exocytosis) into vesicles. • Vesicles are either used and “unpackaged” within the cell or “dumped” outside of the cell through a process called exocytosis. • Create Lysosomes