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Community Ecology

This chapter explores the various interspecific interactions in community ecology, including competition, predation, herbivory, and symbiosis. It discusses concepts such as niche, resource partitioning, animal defenses, mimicry, herbivory, and different types of symbiotic relationships. The chapter also covers community structure, succession, and the role of keystone species.

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Community Ecology

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  1. Community Ecology Chapter 54

  2. Community • Interspecific interactions • Interactions with different species • Competition • Predation • Herbivory • Symbiosis

  3. Interspecific Competition • Two species compete for resources • Competitive exclusion: • One species utilizes resources more efficiently • Eliminates the other

  4. Paramecium

  5. Niche • Species use of resources in its environment • Abiotic & biotic • Fundamental niche: • Area that a species is capable of utilizing • Realized niche: • Actual resources the species utilizes

  6. Resource Partitioning • Species use similar niches • Subdivide available resources • Warbles (small bird)-spruce trees • Lizards in Dominican republic • Character displacement: • Sympatric species diverge more than allopatric species

  7. Barnacles

  8. Resource partitioning

  9. Predation • Consuming of one organism by another

  10. Predators

  11. Animal defenses • Hide or run • Chemicals (bees, wasps, scorpions, spiders) • Snakes, lizards, frogs • Coloration • Aposematic: warning • Cryptic: blending

  12. Aposematic

  13. Cryptic

  14. Animal defenses • Mimicry • Batesian: • Harmless animals mimic harmful animals • Mullerian: • Several harmful animals look the same (safety in numbers)

  15. Batesian mimicry

  16. Mullerian mimicry

  17. (a) Mechanicaldefense (b) Chemicaldefense ▶Porcupine ▶Skunk (c) Aposematic coloration: warning coloration (d) Crypticcoloration:camouflage ◀Poisondart frog ▶Canyontree frog (e) Batesian mimicry:A harmless speciesmimics a harmfulone. (f) Müllerian mimicry:Two unpalatablespecies mimiceach other. ▲Venomous greenparrot snake ◀Yellowjacket ◀Nonvenomoushawkmoth larva ◀Cuckoo bee

  18. (a) Mimicking asea snake Mimic octpus (b) Mimicking a flounder (c) Mimicking a stingray

  19. Herbivory • Organism eats part of a plant • Thorns, spines, prickles • Chemicals • Mustard oils, milkweed, nicotine

  20. herbivore

  21. Symbiosis • 2 or more organisms interact in a permanent relationship • Lichen • Mycorrhizae • Types of symbiosis • Commensalism • Mutualism • Parasitism

  22. Commensalism • Interaction benefits one organism • But neither harms nor helps the other • Fish & sea anemones • Egrets & cattle

  23. Commensalism

  24. Commensalism

  25. commensalism

  26. Mutualism • Interactions benefit both species • Flowers and bees, birds or bats • Ants and acacias (plant)

  27. Mutualism

  28. mutualism

  29. Mutualism

  30. Parasitism • One organism benefits at the cost of its host organism • Parasite is usually smaller than host • Ectoparasites (external) • Ticks. lice • Endoparasites (internal) • Tapeworms

  31. Parasitism

  32. Community structure • How these interspecific interactions work all together • 1. Predation reduces competition • 2. Parasitism vs competition • 3. Indirect effects (rodents and ants) • 4. Keystone species • Species that has a strong effect on the composition of a community

  33. Keystone species

  34. Succession • Communities change from simple to complex over time • Secondary succession: • New community arises where an old community was disturbed • Primary succession: • New community arises on bare lifeless substrate (glacier receding)

  35. Primary succession

  36. Secondary succession

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