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INFECTION CONTROL Unit #8

INFECTION CONTROL Unit #8. Definition. Infection Control : Efforts designed to protect both the patient and care provider. Infectious Disease : Any illness resulting from invasion of a host by disease producing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Microorganisms.

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INFECTION CONTROL Unit #8

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  1. INFECTION CONTROLUnit #8

  2. Definition • Infection Control: Efforts designed to protect both the patient and care provider. • Infectious Disease: Any illness resulting from invasion of a host by disease producing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

  3. Microorganisms • Also known as: microbes • Small living plant/animal not visible to naked eye • Found everywhere in the environment, including in/on human body • Many microbes exist on or within us and do not cause disease or infection (are called non-pathogens)

  4. Microorganisms • Microbes that cause infection/disease are called pathogens • Some microbes can be beneficial (Normal Flora)in one body system & become pathogenic in another (ex. E-coli- normal in large intestine, causes UTI in urinary)

  5. Classifications of Microbes 5 types: • Bacteria • Protozoa • Fungi • Rickettsiae • Viruses

  6. 1. Bacteria • Simple one-celled organism that can produce disease in a host, can multiply outside of cells on surfaces or objects. • Classified by shape and arrangement • Bacterium protected by a hard shell is called a spore • 3 main types: cocci, bacilli, spirilla

  7. Bacteria-Cocci • Round/spherical in shape • 3 types: • Diplococci-occur in pairs or 2 circles, causes gonorrhea, meningitis, & pneumonia • Streptococci-occur in chains, causes strep throat • Staphylococci-occur in clusters/groups, causes boils, wound infections & toxic shock, UTI’S

  8. Streptococci • Strep bacteria

  9. Staphylococci • Staphylococcus aureus (wound)

  10. Bacteria-Bacilli • Rod shaped • Occur singly, in pairs, or in chains • Many have flagella(threadlike projections like tails that allow them to move) • Ability to form spores or thick walled capsules(extremely difficult to kill while in spore form) • Can cause TB, tetanus, whooping cough, botulism

  11. Bacillus Anthracis • Anthrax with white blood cells

  12. Bacteria-Spirilla • Spiral or corkscrew in shape • Include corkscrew spirochete • Can cause syphilis and cholera

  13. 2. Protozoa • One celled animals • Found in decaying materials & contaminated water • Some are pathogenic & cause malaria, amebic dysentery, PneumocystisCarini Pneumonia (PCP), Trichomonas

  14. Protozoa • Plasmodium: Malaria

  15. 3. Fungi • Simple plantlike organisms • Live on dead organic matter • Yeasts & molds are common forms of pathogenic fungi • Can cause ringworm, athlete’s feet, & histoplasmosis (systemic respiratory infection)

  16. 4. Rickettsiae • Parasitic microbe: • Cannot live outside the cells of another living organism • Commonly found on fleas, ticks, & mites • Transmitted to humans by bites of these insects • Can cause typhus fever & Rocky Mountain spotted fever

  17. Rickettsiae • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

  18. 5. Viruses • Smallest microbe-only visible with electron microscope • Cannot reproduce unless they are inside another living cell • Spread mainly from human to human by blood & body secretions • Very difficult to kill-resist most disinfectants, not affected by antibiotics • Can cause common cold, flu, pneumonia, measles, chickenpox, herpes, warts, hepatitis B, HIV

  19. Virus • Hepatitis B virus

  20. Factors Required for growth of Microbes • Warm environment • Darkness-most are killed quickly in sunlight • Source of food & moisture • Need for oxygen varies- aerobic(need O2 to live) anaerobic(don’t need O2) • Human body is ideal supplier of all of these requirements

  21. Pathogenic Microbes cause Infection/Disease • Some produce poisons (toxins) which harm the body • Some cause an allergic reaction resulting in watery eyes, runny nose & sneezing • Others attack & destroy the living cell they invade ( ex. Malaria invades RBC & causes it to rupture, HIV invades T-cells)

  22. Chain of Infection • Factors that must existfor disease to occur. Includes: • 1. Causative agent • 2. Reservoir • 3. Portal of exit • 4. Means of transmission • 5. Portal of entry • 6. Susceptible host

  23. Chain of Infection Causative Agent / Pathogen Host Reservoir Portal of Entry Portal of Exit Transmission

  24. Chain of Infection • Causative agent- pathogen such as bacteria or virus • Reservoir place- where causative agent lives. Common reservoirs include human body, animals, environment, and fomites ( objects contaminated with infectious material that contains the pathogens, i.e. pencil, desk, hand rail, etc.)

  25. Chain of Infection • A Human being or animal that is a reservoir for microorganisms but is not ill with infection/disease is a carrier or host. (Example: HIV)

  26. Chain of Infection • Portal of exit- way for causative agent to escape from the reservoir. Pathogens can leave the body through urine, feces, saliva, blood, tears, mucous discharge, sexual secretions & draining wounds

  27. Chain of Infection • Means of transmission- pathogen must be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live. • Five main routes of transmission: • Contact- direct/indirect • Droplet- propelled short distances through air (flu) • Airborne-remain suspended in air for long periods of time ( TB, measles, chicken pox)

  28. Chain of Infection • Five main routes of transmission: • Vectorborne– Insect bite (fleas/ticks) • Common Vehicle – pathogen transmitted through items such as surgical instruments, stethoscopes, blood pressure equipment, etc.

  29. Routes of transmission:CONTACT • Contact: According to the CDC, this is the most frequent method of disease transmission in a hospital environment. Direct- direct contact transmission from one person to another through physical contact. Indirect- transmission from one person to another through an object such as contaminated hands or medical instruments (needle stick, dressings, patient care items).

  30. CONTACT PRECAUTIONS • Patients under contact precautions should be placed in a private room or in a room with another patient who has the same infection. If this is not possible, patient placement will depend on the type of infection and an infection control expert should be consulted.

  31. CONTACT PRECAUTIONS • Gloves should be worn • Change gloves after handling potentially infective material • Dispose of gloves before leaving room. • NEVER wear gloves in hallways or outside patient’s room

  32. CONTACT PRECAUTIONS • A non-sterile gown should be worn when entering the patient's room if clothing may be contaminated. • Remove before leaving patients room • Avoid touching contaminated areas with uniform/hands

  33. CONTACT PRECAUTIONS • Patient movement should be limited, but if it is necessary, care should be taken not to contaminate other patients and surfaces. • Whenever possible, patient care equipment should be dedicated to a single patient or group of patients with the same infection. If this is not possible, the equipment must be carefully disinfected after each use.

  34. Routes of transmission: DROPLET • Droplet transmission - Occurs when an infected patient expels droplets into the air and the droplets land in the nasal cavity, mouth, or conjunctiva. The droplets are generated from coughing, sneezing, talking, and by some medical procedures. When you sneeze, millions of tiny droplets are propelled from your mouth and nose.

  35. Routes of transmission: DROPLET • The droplets fly through the air rather than remaining suspended in the air. Measles, mumps, rubella, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) can all be transmitted through droplet transmission. Almost all common diseases may be spread through droplet transmission.

  36. DROPLET PRECAUTIONS • Placed in a private room • Or room with patient who has the same infection. • Three foot separation between the infected patient and other people • It is not necessary to keep the door closed. • Health care personnel should wear a mask and goggles • The patient should wear a mask if moved

  37. Routes of transmission: AIRBORNE • Airborne transmission - when tiny particles containing pathogens remain suspended in the air for long periods of time. • Examples: Measles and chickenpox

  38. One of the worst outbreaks of disease in human history was the influenza pandemic of 1918. Historians believe it began in America. • At least 21 million people died, and possibly as many as 50 million. Many of them drowned to death when fluid from the infection filled their lungs. • Some airborne pathogens can be spread in the wind, and affect huge areas.

  39. AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS • Placed in a private room or, if necessary, OR: • In a shared room with another patient who has an active infection of the same type. • Door should be kept closed • Air circulation system must prevent spread of unfiltered air to other areas • Negative Air Pressure System • Patient movement around the facility should be minimized.

  40. AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS • If the patient must be moved, he or she should wear an N95 mask. • Everyone entering the room should wear a N95 respirator. • Examples: pulmonary tuberculosis, chickenpox,

  41. Vector-borne transmission • A vector- organism that carries pathogens from one host to another. • Examples: fleas, ticks, and rats. Malaria, yellow fever, and bubonic plague are all diseases that can be spread through vectors.

  42. Common vehicle transmission • This type of transmission occurs when pathogens are spread to several hosts through a single contaminated item such as food, water, or surgical instruments. • Example E. coli spread through food.

  43. Chain of Infection 5. Portal of entry- way to enter a new reservoir or host • Different portals of entry: • Breaks in the skin or mucous membrane • Respiratory tract • Digestive tract • Genitourinary tract • Circulatory system

  44. Chain of Infection 6. Susceptiblehost- individual who can contract the disease • Most susceptible- elderly, newborns, persons with weak immune systems, persons with cancer • Humans become host when large numbers of pathogens invade the body and body defenses are weak

  45. Breaking the Chain of Infection • If any part of the chain can be eliminated, the spread of disease/infection will be stopped • Follow practices to interrupt or break this chain (wash your hands)

  46. Aseptic techniques • Asepsis- absence of disease producing microbes or pathogens • Common aseptic techniques: handwashing & good personal hygiene, using disposable gloves when contacting contaminated objects, proper cleaning of instruments & equipment • Handwashing: the single most effective way to prevent the spread of pathogens

  47. Levels of aseptic control • Antisepsis- prevent/inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms. • Usually not effective against spores & viruses • Can be used on the skin • Example; Alcohol & betadine

  48. Levels of aseptic control 2. Disinfection- process that destroys or kills pathogenic organisms • Used mainly on objects not people • Not always effective against spores & viruses • Can irritate and damage the skin, • Example; Bleach solutions

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