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Pig Handling

Pig Handling. Prepared by Dr. David Meisinger US Pork Center of Excellence With slides provided by Dr. Matthew Ritter Elanco Animal Health. The Market Hog: A Big Investment. Time Effort Money. The Investment is Lost. When pigs go down or die when being transported to market.

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Pig Handling

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  1. Pig Handling Prepared by Dr. David Meisinger US Pork Center of Excellence With slides provided by Dr. Matthew Ritter Elanco Animal Health

  2. The Market Hog: A Big Investment • Time • Effort • Money

  3. The Investment is Lost • When pigs go down or die when being transported to market

  4. As an Industry • We have a problem with a small percentage of pigs going down when transporting from farm to market

  5. Transport Losses: Definitions • Dead on arrival (DOA): • A pig that died during transport • Dead in Yard (DIY) or Dead in Pen (DIP) • A pig that died after unloading (usually in the lairage pen) • Non-ambulatory pig: • A pig unable to move or keep up with contemporaries • Downers, subjects, slows, suspects, cripples, stressors, fatigued, injured • Transport losses: • The sum of dead and non-ambulatory pigs at the plant

  6. Classifying Non-ambulatory Pigs • Fatigued pigs • Pigs without obvious injury, trauma, or disease, that refuse to walk at any stage of the marketing process from loading at the farm to stunning at the plant (Ritter et al., 2005) Ritter, M., M. Ellis, M. Benjamin, E. Berg, P. DuBois, J. Marchant-Forde, A. Green, P. Matzat, P. Mormede, T. Moyer, K. Pfalzgraf, M. Siemens, J. Sterle, T. Whiting, B. Wolter, and A. Johnson. 2005. The fatigued pig syndrome. Journal of Animal Science. 83(Suppl. 1):258. (Abstr.)

  7. Classifying Non-ambulatory Pigs • Injured pigs • Pigs that have a compromised ability to move due to structural unsoundness or due to an injury sustained during loading, transport, or unloading (Ellis & Ritter, 2005) Ellis, M., and M. Ritter. 2005. Transport losses: causes and solutions. Pages 176-178 in Proceedings of the Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, St. Paul, MN.

  8. Overview of Transport Losses • Losses can occur at any stage of the marketing process • Loading • Transport • Unloading • Lairage • Final drive • Losses are most commonly observed during unloading at the packing plant (Swan et al., 2007) Swan, J. E., M. H. Gillis, K. D. Miller, J. D. Muegge, D. H. Mowrey, T. A. Armstrong, W. C. Weldon, and M. J. Ritter. 2007. Effects of ractopamine on transport losses in market weight pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 85(Suppl. 1):127-128. (Abstr.)

  9. Incidence of Dead Pigs (1991-08) FSIS. 2009. Market swine condemned ante-mortem for deads in USDA inspected plants for the calendar years of 1991 to 2008.

  10. Plant Non-ambulatory Pigs • National statistics are not available for non-ambulatory pigs • A summary of 22 commercial field trials (2000-2007) • 4,607,567 market weight pigs • 27,240 trailer loads of pigs ~1 pig per load dies or becomes non-ambulatory at the plant Ritter, M. J. 2008. A review of transport losses in market weight pigs. Presented at the 2008 Midwest Animal Science Meetings, Des Moines, IA.

  11. Plant Fatigued and Injured Pigs • A summary of 17 commercial field trials (2000-2007) • 2,913,417 market weight pigs • 17,505 trailer loads of pigs ~4:1 ratio of fatigued to injured pigs at the plant Ritter, M. J. 2008. A review of transport losses in market weight pigs. Presented at the 2008 Midwest Animal Science Meetings, Des Moines, IA.

  12. Transport Loss Economic Impact • Producer • Complete loss of value on dead pigs • Potential disposal fees for dead pigs • Severe discount on non-ambulatory pigs at the plant • Carcass bruising and trim loss • Packer • Increased labor costs for handling non-ambulatory pigs • USDA and plant welfare audits evaluate how non-ambulatory pigs are handled • Potential pork quality defects (DFD, PSE) • Meat from non-ambulatory pigs cannot be used in government food programs • Negative public perception Ellis, M., F. McKeith, D. Hamilton, T. Bertol, and M. Ritter. 2003. “Analysis of the current situation: what do downers cost the industry and what can we do about it?” Pages 1-3 in Proceedings of the 4th American Meat Science Association Pork Quality Symposium, Columbia, MO. Ritter, M., M. Ellis, M. Benjamin, E. Berg, P. DuBois, J. Marchant-Forde, A. Green, P. Matzat, P. Mormede, T. Moyer, K. Pfalzgraf, M. Siemens, J. Sterle, T. Whiting, B. Wolter, and A. Johnson. 2005. The fatigued pig syndrome. Journal of Animal Science. 83(Suppl. 1):258. (Abstr.)

  13. Potential Pork Quality Defects • Variation in pork quality? • The vast majority of fatigued pigs had pork with dark color, high ultimate pH, and low drip loss, but a small percentage had PSE pork (Carr et al., 2005) • Carcass bruising (Photos courtesy of Lonergan et al., 2006) Carr, S. N., J. P. Gooding, P. J. Rincker, D. N. Hamilton, M. Ellis, J. Killefer, and F. K. McKeith. 2005. A survey of pork quality of downer pigs. Journal of Muscle Foods. 16:298-305. Lonergan, S., E. Huff-Lonergan, and A. Johnson. 2006. Pork Quality. Proceedings of the Animal Care and Handling Conference, AMI

  14. Negative Public Perception

  15. Transport Loss Economic Impact 1USDA, NASS. 2007. Hog slaughter national statistics request for 2006 for all states. http://www.nass.usda.gov/QuickStats/PullData_US.jsp Accessed Nov. 1, 2007. 2USDA, NASS. 2007. Agricultural prices – 2006 summary. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1003 Accessed Nov. 2, 2007. 3FSIS. 2007. Market swine condemned ante-mortem for deads in USDA inspected plants for the calendar years of 1991 to 2006. FOIA Case # 07-148. 4Ritter, M. J. 2008. A review of transport losses in market weight pigs. Presented at the 2008 Midwest Animal Science Meetings, Des Moines, IA.

  16. Just when you thought there was no more to learn! The Dreaded Physiology Lesson

  17. Fatigued Pig Symptoms Normal Pig Open-Mouth Breathing Skin Discoloration Refuse to move Abnormal Vocalization Muscle Tremors Collapse = Fatigued Death Stress Stress Stress Ritter, M., M. Ellis, M. Benjamin, E. Berg, P. DuBois, J. Marchant-Forde, A. Green, P. Matzat, P. Mormede, T. Moyer, K. Pfalzgraf, M. Siemens, J. Sterle, T. Whiting, B. Wolter, and A. Johnson. 2005. The fatigued pig syndrome. Journal of Animal Science. 83(Suppl. 1):258. (Abstr.)

  18. A Closer Look At Muscles • Muscles need energy to work • This energy is supplied in 3 different ways • On-board energy reserves • Anaerobic Metabolism • Aerobic Metabolism

  19. Muscles Carry Only A Small Amount of Readily Available On-Board Energy For Work This energy can be rapidly put to use when the muscle needs to contract ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP

  20. Anaerobic means ‘without oxygen’ Anaerobic metabolism is good because it allows the body to keep working while the heart and lungs work to catch up When the work continues, the muscles get their fuel through a system called “Anaerobic Metabolism”

  21. With Anaerobic Metabolism, the carbohydrates (glycogen) stored in the muscle get broken down for fuel This process creates both fuel and a by-product called “lactic acid” There are many more chemical reactions going on here but this is what concerns us Lactic Acid ATP Lactic Acid ATP Lactic Acid ATP CHO CHO CHO

  22. Neutralizing Lactic Acid • Buffers are what the body uses to neutralize lactic acid • Buffers are pH cushions that “soak” up excess acid to keep pH levels stable

  23. Neutralizing Lactic Acid • Unfortunately, buffers are limited • They can only soak up so much

  24. The body can neutralize some of the lactic acid, but not fast enough.

  25. The lactic acid very rapidly builds up and the body’s pH is lowered. The body becomes Acidotic!

  26. Finally, When the Heart and Lungs Catch Up • The body goes into Aerobic Metabolism • Aerobic means with oxygen • It’s a better way of supplying muscles with “the long haul” energy • The by-product of aerobic respiration is water and carbon dioxide (harmless)

  27. More About Anaerobic Metabolism • The good • Allows the muscles to keep working even without oxygen • Heart and lungs need some time to get going • The bad • Not a very efficient way to do business! • Slow, complex chemical reactions • Not very fuel efficient • Sort of like rapid acceleration in a car. It has the power to go 0 to 60 in 6 seconds but it really burns up the fuel!

  28. More About Anaerobic Metabolism • BUT THE BIGGEST PROBLEM WITH ANAEROBIC METABOLISM IS THE LACTIC ACID • Lactic acid is the by-product of Anaerobic Metabolism

  29. More About Anaerobic Metabolism • Too much lactic acid can throw the body’s pH off balance (acidosis) • This lowered pH is what causes long distance athletes to break down • Causes muscles to ache when overexerted

  30. The Hog Handling Connection

  31. The Connection • If pushed too hard, the hog’s heart and lungs can’t supply oxygen to the muscles fast enough to support aerobic metabolism

  32. More Muscle Mass Compounds This Situation • With more muscle working, more lactic acid will be formed • Increases the chance for fatigued pigs

  33. Metabolic Changes: Fatigued Pigs • Fatigued pigs are in a metabolic state of acidosis Anderson, D. B., D. J. Ivers, M. E. Benjamin, H. W. Gonyou, D. J. Jones, K. D. Miller, R. K. McGuffey, T. A. Armstrong, D. H. Mowrey, L. F. Richardson, R. Seneriz, J. R. Wagner, L. E. Watkins, and A. G. Zimmermann. 2002. Physiological responses of market hogs to different handling practices. Pages 399-400 in Proceedings of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians, Kansas City, MO. Bertol, T. M., M. Ellis, M. J. Ritter and F. K. McKeith. 2005. Effect of feed withdrawal and handling intensity on longissimus muscle glycolytic potential and blood measurements in slaughter weight pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 83:1536-1542. Bertol., T. M., M. Ellis, D. N. Hamilton, E. W. Johnson, and M. J. Ritter. 2005. Effect of dietary supplementation with L-carnitine and fat on blood acid-base responses to handling in slaughter weight pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 83:75-81. Hamilton, D. N., M. Ellis, T. M. Bertol, and K. D. Miller. 2004. Effects of handling intensity and live weight on blood acid-base status in finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 82:2405-2409. Ritter, M. J. 2007. Effects of animal handling and transportation factors on the welfare, stress responses, and incidences of transport losses in market weight pigs at the packing plant. PhD Diss. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

  34. Metabolic Changes: Fatigued Pigs • Fatigued pigs may have elevated body temperatures • Anecdotal field data has suggested that the body temperatures of fatigued pigs may reach as high as 105-110°F in the summer Bertol, T. M., M. Ellis, M. J. Ritter and F. K. McKeith. 2005. Effect of feed withdrawal and handling intensity on longissimus muscle glycolytic potential and blood measurements in slaughter weight pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 83:1536-1542. Bertol., T. M., M. Ellis, D. N. Hamilton, E. W. Johnson, and M. J. Ritter. 2005. Effect of dietary supplementation with L-carnitine and fat on blood acid-base responses to handling in slaughter weight pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 83:75-81. Hamilton, D. N., M. Ellis, T. M. Bertol, and K. D. Miller. 2004. Effects of handling intensity and live weight on blood acid-base status in finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 82:2405-2409. Ritter, M. J. 2007. Effects of animal handling and transportation factors on the welfare, stress responses, and incidences of transport losses in market weight pigs at the packing plant. Pages PhD Diss. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Elanco Trial #AF7CA0101. Data on file.

  35. Can Fatigued Pigs Recover? • These data suggest that the vast majority of stressed and fatigued pigs will recover, if the stressors are removed and pigs are allowed to rest for 2 to 3 hours Anderson, D. B., D. J. Ivers, M. E. Benjamin, H. W. Gonyou, D. J. Jones, K. D. Miller, R. K. McGuffey, T. A. Armstrong, D. H. Mowrey, L. F. Richardson, R. Seneriz, J. R. Wagner, L. E. Watkins, and A. G. Zimmermann. 2002. Physiological responses of market hogs to different handling practices. Pages 399-400 in Proceedings of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians, Kansas City, MO. Hamilton, D. N., M. Ellis, T. M. Bertol, and K. D. Miller. 2004. Effects of handling intensity and live weight on blood acid-base status in finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 82:2405-2409. Ritter, M. J., M. Ellis, J. Brinkmann, J. M. DeDecker, M. E. Kocher, K. K. Keffaber, B. A. Peterson, J. M. Schlipf, and B. F. Wolter. 2006. Effect of floor space during transport of market weight pigs on incidence of transport losses (dead and non-ambulatory pigs) at the packing plant and relationships between transport conditions and losses. Journal of Animal Science. 84:2856-2864.

  36. Causes of Fatigued Pigs • People factors • Handling: intensity, device, group size, previous experiences • Pig factors • Genetics, muscling, diet, live weight, gender, health status • Facility design factors • Pre-sorting, aisle width, distance moved, 90° turns, loading ramps Ritter, M., M. Ellis, M. Benjamin, E. Berg, P. DuBois, J. Marchant-Forde, A. Green, P. Matzat, P. Mormede, T. Moyer, K. Pfalzgraf, M. Siemens, J. Sterle, T. Whiting, B. Wolter, and A. Johnson. 2005. The fatigued pig syndrome. Journal of Animal Science. 83(Suppl. 1):258. (Abstr.)

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