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Danish and English

Danish and English. Some major points of syntactic contrasts tt [Right click for speaker’s notes]. Standard Field Analysis (Diderichsen). Main clause table. ? Could Peter not find the key in the closet? ? Why could Peter not find it in the closet?

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Danish and English

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  1. Danish and English Some major points of syntactic contrasts tt [Right click for speaker’s notes]

  2. Standard Field Analysis(Diderichsen) Main clause table ?Could Peter not find the key in the closet? ?Why could Peter not find it in the closet? Søren had just put the key in the drawer, *and therefore could Peter not find the key in the closet. *Keys must you never leave in closets

  3. Standard Field Analysis(Diderichsen) Embedded clause table *but that Peter not could find the key in the closet *and who there otherwise would help him with that *or why Kirsten always must play the bassoon at night *that Jens never had been sick after a party

  4. Comparison of main and embedded tables Main Embedded

  5. Maximal Head projection Specifier X-bar XP ZP X´ Complement X YP X = V John destroyed the plane ZP=NP; YP=NP X=N John's destruction of the plane ZP=GenP; YP=PP X=A rather destructive of planes ZP=AdvP; YP=PP X=P right off the plane ZP=AdvP; YP=NP X-Bar Theory Desuden: C(omplementizer) P(hrase) = (tidligere) S´ I(inflectional) P(hrase) = (tidligere) S

  6. IP (=S) NP VP Peter VP PP ZP V´ i skabet in the closet Ø V NP fandt found nøglen the key Tables and X´- trees (1): Main Clauses

  7. IP I´ NP Peter I VP [+Past] fandt did VP PP ZP V´ i skabet in the closet Ø V NP find nøglen the key

  8. Peter fandt did VP AdvP ikke not IP I´ NP I VP PP VP i skabet in the closet ZP V´ Ø V NP find nøglen the key

  9. IP PP I´ NP Peter I VP * fandt VP PP did t i skuffen in the drawer ZP V´ NP Ø V NP find nøglen the key

  10. IP I´ NP *i skabet *in the closet I VP fandt PP VP did n’t t AdvP VP ikke NP V´ not Peter V NP find nøglen the key

  11. CP AdvP Hvor Where IP I´ NP Peter I VP fandt PP VP did n’t t i skabet in the closet AdvP VP ikke ZP V´ NP not Ø V NP find nøglen the key

  12. CP C´ NP C IP I´ NP t I VP PP VP [+Past] fandt t AdvP VP i skabet ikke NP V´ Peter V NP t finde nøglen t

  13. CP C´ NP C IP I´ NP I VP PP VP [+Past] did AdvP VP in the closet n’t NP V´ Peter V NP t find the key

  14. The basic clause in Danish is CP CP CP C´ C´ NP NP The basic clause in English is IP Peter C C IP IP I´ fandt I´ NP NP t Peter I VP I VP t didn’t AdvP VP AdvP VP ikke NP V´ n’t NP V´ V NP V NP t t t nøglen find the key Danish Both English

  15. CP CP C´ C´ NP NP What Hvad C C IP IP didn’t I´ fandt I´ NP NP Peter Peter I VP I VP t t AdvP VP AdvP VP ikke NP V´ n’t NP V´ V NP V NP t t t nøglen t the key find t These are Yes-No-questions – formed in English by raising the finite auxiliary (if there is one, otherwise do) from I to C, in Danish by raising the finite verb (of any kind) to I and then to C. English and Danish are then fairly similar in the formation of WH-/HV- questions – two cases in point to prove that CP is needed as a structural possibility in English as well.

  16. +Jane har ikke læst nogen bøger Jane has n’t read any books ?Jane har ingen bøger læst - Jane has - read no books Jane læste ikke - nogen bøger Jane did n’t read any books Jane læste ingen bøger - - Jane - - read no books Neg-Shift…

  17. … in field analysis terms

  18. … and in X-bar terms CP CP C´ NP C´ NP C IP C IP Jane I´ har NP I´ NP t I VP Jane I VP NegP VP hasn’t t NegP VP ikke NP V´ not NP V´ t t V VP V VP t NP V´ t NP V´ t V NP t V NP læst nogen bøger read any books

  19. NegP Spec Neg´ Neg [+neg] VP

  20. CP CP C´ NP C´ NP C IP C IP Jane I´ NP I´ læste NP Jane t NegP I NegP I Neg´ Spec Neg´ Spec t ingen bøger Neg [+neg] VP Neg [+neg] VP NP V´ NP V´ t V NP [+neg] t V NP [+neg] t t read no books Cf. Dial. Jane didn’t read no books - in which NegP is active.

  21. CP C´ NP C IP I´ NP Jane I NegP ikke has Spec Neg´ Neg [+neg] VP NP V´ t V VP t NP V´ t V NP [+neg] nogen bøger read no books CP C´ NP C IP Jane I´ har NP t I NegP t Spec Neg´ Neg [+neg] VP NP V´ t V VP t NP V´ t V NP [+neg] læst t ingen bøger

  22. Comparison of main and embedded tables, again Main Embedded

  23. V´ V´ V CP V CP thought mente C´ NP C´ NP C IP C IP Ø Ø I´ NP that I´ at NP Peter Peter I VP I VP didn’t NegP VP Ø NegP VP NP V´ NP V´ not ikke t V NP t V NP find the key fandt nøglen

  24. Relative clause formation N´ N´ N CP N CP key nøgle C´ NP C´ NP Ø C which IP Ø C som IP I´ NP that I´ at NP Peter Peter I VP I VP didn’t NegP VP Ø NegP VP NP V´ NP V´ not ikke t V NP t V NP find the key t t fandt nøglen (the) key which Peter didn’t find (den) nøgle som Peter ikke fandt

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