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The Civil War

The Civil War. Total War Modern War A transformation of America The second american Revolution. Push to War. Secession December 1860 Lincoln’s Concern = border states Strategic location Population RR and industry Crittenden Compromise – failed Crittenden Resolution

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The Civil War

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  1. The Civil War Total War Modern War A transformation of America The second american Revolution

  2. Push to War • Secession December 1860 • Lincoln’s Concern = border states • Strategic location • Population • RR and industry • Crittenden Compromise – failed • Crittenden Resolution • April 1861 – Fort Sumter

  3. Essential Questions: • What factors determined the outcome of the war? • What was the impact of the war – socially, politically, constitutionally and economically? • Why is it called a “rebirth of freedom” and the second American Reovlution? • What is the irony of what each side “lost” in defending its respective idea of liberty?

  4. Prompt: • Foner writes: “In a war of this kind, the effectiveness of political leadership, the ability to mobilize economic resources and a society’s willingness to keep up the fight despite setbacks are as crucial to the outcome as success or failure in individual battlefields.” Evaluate the relative effectiveness of each side – Union and Confederacy – in each of the three areas Foner mentions. Give specifics to support your assessment. 

  5. Comparison of Belligerents • Union • Goals: preserve the union - after 1863 emancipation • Strategy: occupy rebel territory; destroy ability of rebel army to fight • Tactic: Anaconda Plan blockade, control the Mississippi – divide, take Richmond • Confederacy • Goal: independence • Strategy: attrition – make costly; find a foreign ally • Tactic: offensive defense (strategic defense)

  6. Union War Aim

  7. Overviewofthe North’sCivil WarStrategy: “Anaconda”Plan

  8. Anaconda Plan

  9. Resources:

  10. Finances and Mobilization • Union • Tariffs, taxes • Republican agenda – banking, homestead act, tariffs • Citizen soldiers/draft • Industry & RR • Confederacy • Inflation – paper money • Citizen soldiers/draft • Industrial production – OK; foodstuffs = problem

  11. Leadership • Lincoln Davis • Master strategy micromanaged • Good communicator conflicts w/in • War leadership problems with centralization of power - LTD

  12. Total Warfare • Role of technology – RR; rifle • Defense • Massive numbers of troops and amounts of materiel • Involvement of civilian population

  13. Assessment: Military • Confederate Advantage • Easier task – defense • Shorter supply lines & distances • Long, indented coastline • Experienced military leadership • High morale • Union Advantage • Population – immigrants, African Americans • Navy

  14. Assessment: Economic • Confederate Advantage • Cotton – King Cotton diplomacy (allies) • Confederate Disadvantage • Food production • Union Advantage • Control over banking and capital: 70% RR, 65% farmland • Strong bureaucracy – logistical support

  15. Assessment: Political • Confederate disadvantage • States rights philosophy • Davis – internal divisions • Union Advantage • Centralized government • Lincoln’s leadership • Political parties

  16. Confederate hope - attrition • Cost of the war in terms of $ and causalities would cause the Union to turn against Lincoln --- (Atlanta)

  17. 1861-1862: Two Fronts • East • First Bull Run July 1861 • Nature the war • Army of the Potomac – McClellan • Peninsular Campaign • Monitor v Virginia • Antietam – Sept 1862 • Tactical draw. Strategic defeat • Permits Emancipation Proc. • Fredericksburg Dec 1862 • West • Fts Henry and Donelson-Feb. 1862 • Shiloh – April 1862 • Control upper Mississippi • New Orleans – Ap 1862 • Farragut

  18. Confederate Dead

  19. Diplomacy • Support from Br & Fr critical for Confederate success – balance industry, break blockade • Trent Affair 1861 • Belligerent status from Br & Fr • King Cotton Diplomacy – failed

  20. Process of Emancipation • Lincoln – reluctant to act – border states, racism, constitution, overturning through election • Confiscation Acts • 1861 – seize enemy property • 1862 – freed slave of those rebelling • Emancipation Proclamation – Jan 1863 • Rebel states only; 100 days give up arms keep slaves • 13th Amendment 1865

  21. Significance • New war aim – abolition • Further separates Br & Fr from supporting the Confederacy • L. reasserts control over party • L. reasserts control over military commanders • Accelerated breakdown of slavery - Juneteenth • African American Troops • Transforms idea of the New Nation- “new birth of freedom” • 13th Amendment

  22. Emancipation in 1863

  23. Slaves taking Freedom

  24. African-American Recruiting Poster

  25. Freed Slaves

  26. Fort Wagner – 54th Mass

  27. August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw

  28. Turning Points: July 2-4,1863 • Gettysburg • Lee’s last offensive thrust • Pickett’s Charge at Cemetery Ridge • Morale –draft riots • Vicksburg • Control over Mississippi • Confederacy divided • Grant ----L’s general • Internal divisions

  29. Grinding to the end • March to the Sea – 1864 • Atlanta– Sep’t 1864 – allowed L. re-election – no conditional surrender or negotiated peace • Richmond – April 1864 • Appomatox – Surrender April 9, 1865

  30. Sherman’s March

  31. Grant and Lee at Appomatox

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