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Quick Review

Quick Review. What is genetic information stored as? What organelle is this information found in?. First Model of DNA. 1953: James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins examined an amazing photograph made by Rosalind Franklin using a technique she developed called X-ray crystallography 

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Quick Review

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  1. Quick Review • What is genetic information stored as? • What organelle is this information found in?

  2. First Model of DNA • 1953: James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins examined an amazing photograph made by Rosalind Franklin using a technique she developed called X-ray crystallography  • With what they had discovered about the composition of DNA and Franklin's photographs, Watson & Crick developed and proposed the first model for the structure of DNA

  3. Watson and Crick Model • consisted of two nucleotide chains that wrap around each other to form a double spiral. • This shape is called a double helix.

  4. DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Genetic code of life Located inside the nucleus NEVER leaves the nucleus Double Stranded Shape of DNA is a double helix Made of nucleotides

  5. Primary functions of DNA: • Store and Transmit genetic information • Direct its synthesis/replication • Code for protein synthesis

  6. So, what is RNA? • RiboNucleic Acid • Copy of a gene in DNA • Responsible for delivering genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm • Located outside the nucleus • Responsible for completion of the process of protein synthesis • Single stranded • 3 Types of RNA: Messenger, Transfer, Ribosomal • Made of nucleotides

  7. DNA and RNA

  8. Nucleotides • Monomers that make up DNA & RNA

  9. Each nucleotide is composed of: • A sugar, • A nitrogen base • A phosphate group:

  10. Sugar • Deoxyribose - a 5-carbon sugar in DNA • Ribose - a 5-carbon sugar in RNA. • This sugar has more oxygen than the sugar in DNA. Notice: Oxygen placement DEoxy (de means to remove. DNA has an Oxygen removed!!!

  11. Nitrogen Base Purines • have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. • Adenine & Guanine Pyrimidines • have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. • Thymine & Cytosine (in DNA) • Uracil & Cytosine ( in RNA)

  12. Phosphate Group • -PO4

  13. The phosphate group is attached to the sugar, and the sugar is attached to the nitrogen base 

  14. RNA – single stranded DNA – double stranded

  15. Two nucleotides pair to form one of the "rungs" of the ladder in a DNA double helix.

  16. The sugar and phosphate groups form the "backbone" or outer support of the DNA ladder-like double helix. Sugar phosphate backbone

  17. Base Pairing Rules These rules describe the behavior of the bases. • Cytosine always bonds with guanine by forming three hydrogen bonds. (C - G) • Adenine always bonds with thymine by forming two hydrogen bonds. (A - T) In the RNA nucleotide, thymine is replaced by Uracil (A – U). • A pair of bases that always bond together is known as a complementary base pair.

  18. 3 Basic Types of RNA • Messenger RNA – mRNA • Transfer RNA – tRNA • Ribosomal RNA - rRNA

  19. Messenger RNAmRNA • carries genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm

  20. Transfer RNAtRNA • carries amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes

  21. Ribosomal RNArRNA • consists of RNA nucleotides in globular form

  22. Celebration of Learning Moment! You are to create a comparison between RNA and DNA. Be sure to include: • Type of Sugar • Type of nucleotides • Strand type

  23. DNA & RNA Comparison

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