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Middle Ages

Middle Ages. Chapter 13. I. Development of Germany. Middle Ages: medieval period (AD 500-1500) Invasions of Western Europe Disruption of Trade Downfall of cities Population shifts Decline of learning Loss of common language. Development of Germany (cont’d). Germanic Kingdoms Emerge

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Middle Ages

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  1. Middle Ages Chapter 13

  2. I. Development of Germany • Middle Ages: medieval period (AD 500-1500) • Invasions of Western Europe • Disruption of Trade • Downfall of cities • Population shifts • Decline of learning • Loss of common language

  3. Development of Germany (cont’d) • Germanic Kingdoms Emerge • Replaced Roman Provinces • Government changed from written laws (Rome) to rule by tradition and loyalty to German Chiefs • Germans adopt Christianity • Missionaries • Monasteries • Rules for monks

  4. II. Rulers of Germany • Clovis: Leader of Franks (people from Gaul; est. large kingdom) • Spread Christianity • Charles Martel: Mayor of Palace; unofficially ruled kingdom • Battle of Tours (ended Muslim threat to Europe) • Carolingian Dynasty: ruled Franks from 751-987 • Pepin: CM’s son; anointed “King by the Grace of God” by the Pope

  5. Charlemagne: “Charles the Great” Reunited Empire (greatest since Rome) Defeated Muslims; spread Christianity “Roman Emperor” by Pope; signified joining of Germanic Power, church, and Roman heritage Greatest accomplishment: encouraged learning Rulers of Germany (cont’d)

  6. Rulers of Germany (cont’d) • Pope Gregory I • Broadened Papal authority • Became secular (worldly) leader (politics) • Used church $ to raise armies, repair roads, help poor, negotiate peace treaties

  7. Vikings: Germanic peoples from North Eric Bloodaxe, Thorfinn Skullsplitter Fast raids, incredible warships Reign of terror ended when they converted to Christianity; warmer climate led to ag. (1000) III. Attacks on Western Europe

  8. Attacks on Western Europe (cont’d) • Magyars and Muslims • Magyars: nomadic peoples from East (800) • Superb horsemen • Muslims: attacked from South • 700: planned to conquer and settle • 900: plundered • Struck from sea * Attacks from all 3 caused widespread panic and suffering. People stopped looking to central ruler and looked to whoever could defend them

  9. IV. Feudalism • Political system where nobles use land but owe loyalty to the king • System has a lord (landowner) who grants fief (land) to a vassal (person receiving land) in exchange for military service and protection • Knights: mounted horsemen who pledge to defend their lord’s lands in exchange for fief

  10. Feudalism (cont’d)

  11. Feudalism (cont’d) • Serfs: peasants; could not lawfully leave the place they were born • Majority of people • Not slaves; could not be bought or sold • What they produced belonged to the lord

  12. Feudalism (cont’d) • Manor: lord’s estate; basic economic arrangement • Specifics of the Manor • Several square miles • Contained house, church, workshops • Self-sufficient

  13. Feudalism (cont’d) • Life on the Manor: • Lord gave serf: housing, farmland, and protection • In return, Serfs tended land, cared for animals, maintained estate • Peasants didn’t travel • Paid taxes on everything (wood, grain, mill, marriage, etc) • Owed tithe: church tax

  14. V. Standards & Technology of Knights • Technology: • Stirrups, saddles • Role: defend territory of lord • Code of Chivalry: • Display courage and loyalty • Defend 3 masters: feudal lord, heavenly Lord, and chosen lady

  15. Standards & Technology of Knights (cont’d) • Training: • Sons of nobles • Age 7—sent to another castle --Page: waits on hosts/ practices fighting skills • 14—squire: servant to a knight • 21—Full-fledged Knight

  16. VI. Role of Women • Most powerless (like most men) • Noblewomen: • Could inherit estate • Could send knights to war • Act as commander and warrior (throws rocks and arrows) • Most limited; confined to house

  17. Women (cont’d) • Peasant women: • Majority • Endless labor

  18. VII. Literature • Themes: brutality of knighthood and warfare • Love stories • Glorified chivalry • Heroes (king Arthur) • Troubadours: traveling poet musicians

  19. VIII. The Church’s Role • Became powerful b/c of weak central govt. 1. Structure: Pope= head of church • clergy=bishops and priests • Canon Law: church law followed by everyone • Sacraments: important religious ceremonies • Manor system divided people; church bonded them

  20. The Church’s Role (cont’d) 2. Power: • When Charlemagne crowned Roman Emperor, unknowingly set stage for future conflicts • Otto I: most effective ruler of Germany • Invaded Italy b/c Pope said so • Crowned Emperor of Holy Roman Empire: strongest kingdom from Charlemagne's fallen empire (Germany and Italy)

  21. IX. Conflict with the Church • Church not happy that kings had control over the clergy • Lay Investure: ceremony where kings and nobles appointed church officials • Pope felt kings should not have that power • Pope Gregory VII banned lay investure in 1075

  22. IX. Conflict with the Church

  23. Conflict with the Church (cont’d) • King Henry IV: ordered Pope Gregory VII to step down. Gregory refused and excommunicated Henry. • Henry eventually forgiven • Concordat of Worms: compromise that allowed church alone to appoint clergy, but kings held a veto power.

  24. X. Disorder • By 1172, Germany needs a strong ruler • Choose Frederick I “Barbarosa” • Forceful personality, brutal tactics; invades Italy • Knights defeated by Italians (Battle of Legnano) • Fredrick I dies 1190; empire falls apart • The inability to unite the Germanic kingdoms allows France and England to establish strong central authorities.

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