Living Conditions of the Industrial Revolution: Factories, Cities, and Working Class Struggles

1. Living Conditions of the Industrial Revolution

2. The Evolution of Factories • Heart of the big city was the factory • Different than farm work • Long hours rigid shifts all people worked • Dangerous conditions, no job security • Women made up most of workers • Work in factory 12 hours then go home and cook and clean house

3. Industrial Cities Emerge • Industrial Revolution brings urbanization • Movement of people to cities • Small towns to to cities over night • Over crowded cities creates misery for people • Chasm divides middle and upper classes from poor • Poor live in slums: no water, sewage, sanatation • Disease spreads rapidly make conditions worse

4. Crystal Palace, 1850 Exhibition Hall

5. Division of Labor in Industry

6. The Working Class The working class had difficulty adjusting to city life Skilled artists lose jobs to factories and machines Protested their treatment and rioted destroying machines Called Luddites, arrested and jailed Workers not allowed to form labor unions and bargain for better pay and working conditions Made the divide between the working class and rest of England larger SPINNING JENNY

7. STRUGGLES OF THE WORKING CLASS • HARSH CONDITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL LIFE. • ANY PROGESS WAS OPPOSED BY OWNERS AND GOVERNMENT • REFORMS, ALL MEN GET RIGHT TO VOTE, • WORKERS WON RIGHT TO ORGANIZE, UNIONS • LABOR UNIONS HELP TO RAISE STANDARD OF LIVING

8. Three London Peddlers

10. London Water

11. WOMENS RIGHTS • WANTED FAIRNESS IN MARRIAGE, DIVORCE AND PROPERTY LAWS • WOMEN BARRED FROM MOST SCHOOLS • PEOPLE WOMEN WERE TO EMOTIONAL TO BE ALLOWED TO VOTE • PUBLIC EDUCATION IMPROVES AND LEADS TO BETTER HIGHER EDUCATION • 1840’S MARKS OPENING OF WOMEN’S ONLY COLLEGES IN UK AND US.

16. Children in the Work Force • Children worked at many jobs that needed small people • They changed spools in textile mills • They ran in and out of machines to gather lost material • Pushed coal carts through narrow mines shafts • Children had to work to help bills family • Child labor widely accepted SCAVENGERS

18. Many parents were unwilling to allow their children to work in these new textile factories. Owners had to find other ways of obtaining workers. One solution was to buy children from orphanages and workhouses. Involved signing contracts that virtually made them property of the factory owner.

25. DAVID BYWATER

26. HANAH BROWN

27. Samuel Downe

28. Charles Aberdeen

29. Eliza Marshall

30. 2nd Industrial Revolution Europe Catches England- New developments- Interchangeable parts Assembly line Steel Electricity Internal Combustion Engine Business Corporations Monopolies Cartels

31. THE WORLD OF THE 1800’S THE BIRTH OF THE “isms” in ART

32. THE SCREAM, MUNCH • EXPRESSIONISM • EDVARD MUNCH • PORTRAYS INNER TURMOILS OF SUBJECTS • EXPRESSION IDEAS AND EMOTIONS

33. LIBERTY LEADING THE PEOPLE, DELACROIX • ROMANTICISM IN ART • REBEL AGAINST ENLIGHTENED IDEA OF REASON • PAINTED MANY SUBJECTS • BRIGHT COLORS CONVEYED VIOLENT ENERGY AND EMOTION • GODDESS OF LIBERTY CARRIES FRENCH FLAG

34. ROMANTICS IN LITERATURE • EMPHASIS ON FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS. • PREFERRED THE MIDDLE AGES (AGE OF FAITH) OVER EIGHTEENTH CENTURY AGE OF REASON • FELT STIFLED BY RIGID RULES OF CLASSICALISM • MANY FAMOUS WRITERS COME OUT OF THIS PERIOD. LORD BYRON (DON JUAN) JOHN KEATS (POETRY), • DUMAS --THE THREE MUSKETEERS, COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO. • VICTOR HUGO, NOTRE DAME OF PARIS, LATER CHANGED TO REALIST STYLE LES MISERABLES

35. REALISM MOVES IN • AN ATTEMPT TO REPRESENT THE WORLD AS IT WAS • LOOKED AT THE HARSHER SIDE OF LIFE • CHARLES DICKENS • VICTOR HUGO • COURBET “I CAN NOT PAINT AN ANGEL BECAUSE I HAVE NEVER SEEN ONE

36. THE ARTIST STUDIO, 1855 COURBET

37. IMPRESSIONISTS • PAINTERS MOVED AWAY FROM REALISM WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAMERA • TOOK ART IN A NEW DIRECTION • WANTING TO CAPTURE THE FIRST IMPRESSION OF A SCENE OR OBJECT • TOOK ROOT IN PARIS • USED NEW TECHNIQUES OF PAINTING

38. Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette 1876 RENOIR, MORE TRADITIONAL STYLE OF IMPRESSIONIST, BUT STILL ONE USED BRUSHWORK TO GIVE FIGURE GLOWING QUALITY.

39. SUNRISE, 1872 MONET

40. BALLERINA,1878 DEGAS IMPRESSIONIST THAT MOVED AWAY FROM THE MAIN STREAM BY USING PEOPLE AS SUBJECTS AND NOT THE TYPICAL LANDSCAPES

41. CROWS OVER CORNFIELDVAN GOGH 1890

42. A Sunday on La Grande JatteSEURAT, 1884-1886

43. New thoughts and old problems • Adam Smith the designer of the free market system • Malthus predicts that population would out pace food supply • Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages” • Only checks were war, disease, and famine • Utlitarians vs, Utopians • Bentham & Mill vs. Owen

44. Socialism Emerges from the Industrial Revolution • Believe that capitalism creates a gulf between rich and poor • Solution was Socialism, looked to end poverty and injustice • People as a whole would own and operate the “means of production” • Karl Marx “Founder of Socialism” • Wrote “The Communist Manifesto” • Communism is Socialism that sees struggle between employees and employers as inevitable • Battle between the haves and have nots • Despised capitalism • Set up a classless society that would share wealth and power • Helped to set up Russian Revolution

45. MEDICINE AND POPULATION • POPULATION INCREASES BECAUSE OF LOWER DEATH RATE • BETTER FARMING FOOD STORAGE • 1870 PASTEUR LINKS GERMS AND DISEASE • VACCINES FOR RABIES AND PASTEURIZATION

46. DARWINISM • BRITISH NATURALIST • PUBLISHED ON THE ORIGINS OF SPECIES • CREATED THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION • Believed in Malthus theory • Believed over time selection would create whole new species • Thought than man evolved from lower species • Ignited furious debate like Galileo and Copernicus • Undermined belief of god and the soul