4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

1. 4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

2. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Warm up

3. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

4. Warm up • Cushing’s Disease-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwblUKoRMbA • Hypoparathyroidism- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHa3uX0fH-Y • Hypothyroidism- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qF5-rIJY4yc

5. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Addison's disease • (Adrenal Insuffiency) • Gland- Adrenal Cortex • Cause-Our adrenals don’t produce adequate amounts of cortisol and sometime aldosterone from damage • Symptoms- Muscle weakness and fatigue, Weight loss, decreased appetite, *darkening of the skin, low blood pressure, salt craving, low blood sugar, nausea, diahrrea, vomiting, muscle and joint pain, irritability, depression, body hair loss and sexual dysfunction. • Treatment- Oral and or injectable corticosteroids

6. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Before • Cushing's Syndrome • Gland- Adrenal Cortex • Cause- The use of oral corticosteroid medication. The condition can also occur when yourbody makes too much cortisol. • Symptoms-Weight gain and fatty tissue deposits, particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face (moon face), andbetween the shoulders (buffalo hump), Pink or purple stretch marks (striae) on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, breasts and arms, Thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily,Slow healing of cuts, insect bites and infections, Acne • Treatment- Reducing corticosteroids use, surgery, radiation After

7. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Anabolic Steroid Abuse in Sports • Gland- Adrenal Cortex/ Testes • Cause- Illegal use of anabolic steroids- mimics testosterone in the body • Symptoms- Increased muscle mass, decreased body fat, ability to recover quicker from physical activity, • In women- can cause voice to deepen, increase muscle mass and body hair. • *Side Effects- Liver damage, heart disease, testicular changes, breast growth in males, depression, breast cancer in males, kidney failure and death. • Can be addictive and withdrawl if stopped abruptly. Can only be obtained by prescription.

8. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Diabetes Mellitus- Type I- Hyperglycemia • Cause- Decreased production of insulin • Gland- Pancreas • Symptoms- Increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), glucosuria, Extreme hunger, Weight loss, Fatigue, Blurred vision, Abdominal pain, Fruity-smelling breath, Nausea and vomiting, Shortness of breath, Dry mouth, Weakness, Confusion, Coma • Treatment- Taking insulin, exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight, eating healthy foods, monitoring blood sugar • Risk Factors- Family history, genetics, viral exposure- Epstein-Barr • Complications- If blood sugar is constantly high it can cause damage to other organs. Heart and blood vessel disease, kidney disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, foot damage,

9. Insulin • Types of insulin are many and include: • Rapid-acting insulin • Long-acting insulin • Intermediate options • Examples are regular insulin (Humulin 70-30, Novolin 70/30, others), insulin isophane (Humulin N, Novolin N), insulin lispro (Humalog) and insulin aspart (Novolog). Long-acting insulins include glargine (Lantus) and detemir (Levemir). • Depending on your needs, your doctor may prescribe a mixture of insulin types to use throughout the day and night. • Insulin can be administered using: • A fine needle and syringe • An insulin pen — a device that looks like an ink pen, except the cartridge is filled with insulin • An insulin pump — a device about the size of a cellphone worn on the outside of your body. 

10. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Diabetes Type II or Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes • Cause- Decreased production of insulin • Gland- Pancreas • Symptoms- Increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), glucosuria, Extreme hunger, Weight loss, Fatigue, Blurred vision, Abdominal pain, Fruity-smelling breath, Nausea and vomiting, Shortness of breath, Dry mouth, Weakness, Confusion, Coma • Treatment- Diet, exercise it's important to center your diet on these high-fiber, low-fat foods: Fruits, Vegetables, Whole grains. You'll also need to eat fewer animal products, refined carbohydrates and sweets. • Medication- Metformin by mouth.

11. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • What is the normal values for blood sugar? • How to test your blood sugar • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9HlhZ12Zcg

12. Hypoglycemia Cause- Too much insulin in the blood Gland- Pancreas Symptoms- Sweating, Shakiness, Hunger, Weakness, Anxiety, Dizziness or lightheadedness, Pale skin, Rapid or irregular heart rate, Fatigue, Headaches, Blurred vision, Irritability Late symptoms- Lethargy, Confusion, Behavior changes, sometimes dramatic, Poor coordination, Convulsions, Death. Treatment- Orange juice with sugar, candy, peanut butter, cheese, glucose tablets, IV glucagon or dextrose Most hypoglycemia occurs when you haven't eaten (when you're in a fasting state), but that's not always the case. Sometimes hypoglycemia occurs after meals because the body produces more insulin than is needed. This type of hypoglycemia, called reactive or postprandial hypoglycemia, may occur in people who have had gastric bypass surgery. It may also occur in people who haven't had surgery.

13. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Acromegaly • Cause- Over production of growth hormone as an adult- usually a benign tumor on the pituitary gland • Gland- Pituitary • Symptoms-Enlarged hands and feet, Coarsened, enlarged facial features, Coarse, oily, thickened skin, Excessive sweating and body odor, Small outgrowths of skin tissue (skin tags), Fatigue and muscle weakness, A deepened, husky voice due to enlarged vocal cords and sinuses, Severe snoring due to obstruction of the upper airway, Impaired vision, Headaches, Enlarged tongue, Pain and limited joint mobility, Menstrual cycle irregularities in women, Erectile dysfunction in men, Enlarged liver, heart, kidneys, spleen and other organs, Increased chest size (barrel chest) • Because acromegaly tends to progress slowly, early signs may not be readily apparent for several years. Sometimes, people notice the condition only by comparing old photographs. • Treatment- Drugs to decrease growth hormone, surgery to remove tumors.

14. Tanya Agnus • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTFv_vJnYNc&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL8D2C3DFA4B96888F • Started growing at the age of 21. Is now 30 and is 6ft11in.

15. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Gigantism • Cause-Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone. In preadolescent – overgrowth of long bones before the growth plates fuse. Pituitary tumors • Gland- Pituitary • Symptoms- Exaggerated bone growth as adolescents and dramatic increase in height enlarged hands and feet, headaches, same as acromegaly • Treatment- Growth hormone reducing drugs, surgery • Robert Wadlow, 8ft 11in./429lbs, 5ft4in at 4 y.o. • Died at the age of 22

16. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Growth Hormone Deficiency-(childhood) • Gland- Pitutiuary • Cause- Decreased production of Growth Hormone • Symptoms- Short stature, Children usually grow 2 inches per year • Treatment- Earlier detected and treated the better. Growth Hormone Injections- sometimes every day.

17. Primordial Dwarfism • She stands 33 inches tall and weighs 17 pounds, roughly the size of an 18-month-old toddler. But Kenadie is 7. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QBy8DFaLR4

18. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Hypoparathyroidism • Gland- Parathyroid • Cause-Decreased levels of Parathyroid hormone- causes a decrease level of calcium in the blood. • Symptoms- Tingling and burning in fingertips, toes and lips, fatigue, weakness, hair loss, anxiety, brittle nails, depression, mood swings and *Tetany- Muscle twitching and seizures. • Treatment- Calcium supplements along with Vitamin D

19. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Hyperthyroidism- Graves’ Disease • Gland- Thyroid • Cause- The thyroid produces too much Thyroxin hormone. • *Symptoms- accelerates your body's metabolism significantly, causing sudden weight loss, a rapid or irregular heartbeat, sweating, and nervousness or irritability. Protruding eyeballs and goiter • Treatment- Thyroidectomy, radiation, anti-thyroid medications

20. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Hypothyroidism • Gland- Thyroid • Cause- when the thyroid doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones • Symptoms- Fatigue, sensitive to cold, dry skin weight gain, puffy face, hoarseness, muscle weakness, muscle aches, painful stiff joints, thinning hair, heavy menstural periods, slow heart rate, depression, enlarged thyroid- goiter. • Treatment- Synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine (Levothroid, Synthroid) Lifelong. Surgical removal of goiter and thyroid. • *Could be prevented by using iodized salt

21. Which disease causes you to grow as an adult? Which disease causes you to look like you have a tan? Which decreased hormone causes child to have short stature? Which disease can be prevented by using iodized salt? Which hormone when elevated can cause nervousness and weight loss? If you had hyperglycemia, which endocrine gland would not be functioning properly? Which disorder causes bulging eyes( exopthalmos)? What is tetany and removal of which gland can cause it? Processing