Immigration and Culture

1. Immigration and Culture Unit I

2. What is an emigrant? Anemigrantleaves their land to live in another country. The person is emigrating toanother country Illustration of Irish emigrants aboard ship on their way to America

3. What is an immigrant? Animmigrant is a person who once resided somewhere else and now lives in your country. Immigrants at Ellis Island after arriving in America

4. What is a Refugee? Arefugeeis an exile who flees for safety Refugees fleeing Civil War in Southern Sudan

5. What is a Displaced Person? A displaced person is a person who has been forced to leave his or her native place Young Pakistani, Internally Displaced Person's from military operations

6. What is Nativism? Nativism is a policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants

7. Writing Prompt: Are Native Americans displaced people or refugees? Write a 1 or 2 paragraph response and be ready to share your ideas with the class through class discussion.

8. “The Age of Jackson” • Popular hero of War of 1812 • Became President in 1828 • Indian Removal Act • relocated 5 tribes from southeast • Cherokee • Choctaw • Chickasaw • Seminole • Creek • “Trail of Tears”

9. Group Activity: Your group will research one of the 5 Native American groups (Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, or Creek) displaced by the Indian Removal Act. Research your assigned group using the following questions as a guide: What was the people’s original culture? Why was the group removed from its original homeland? What did the group experience during the removal? How did the tribe adapt to its new home in Indian territory? Each group must prepare a brief report to the class based on its research including illustrations and maps.

10. Indian Removal Act

11. Transcontinental Railroad • California • Gold Rush 1849 • Agriculture • cut off from rest of the country • Pacific Railroad Act (1862) • Union Pacific from Omaha west • Central Pacific from Sacramento east • Completed in 1869 – Promontory, Utah

12. Transcontinental Railroad

13. Irish Immigrants – Union Pacific Railroad workers

14. Chinese Immigrants – Central Pacific workers

15. Nativism and Discrimination Chinese Immigrants Gold rush in California Building of Transcontinental RR Chinese Exclusion Act – 1822 The Act excluded Chinese "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining" from entering the country for ten years under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.

19. May 10, 1869 – Promontory, Utah By the end of the 1800’s four more railroads crossed the country

20. Homestead Act of 1862 • 160 acres of public land free • had to settle and farm the land for • 5 years • thousands moved west (including immigrants) • Oklahoma Land Rush – 1889 • 2 million acres of Creek & Seminole land • 50,000 settlers • 1 year later 260,000 in Oklahoma territory • 1890- millions of acres of Sioux land in SD

26. The Second Great Removal • 1871- Federal Government Decree: • All Western Native American Nations must • agree to relocate • Northern plains Nations were assigned to • western half of present day South Dakota • Southern plains Nations were assigned to • what is now Oklahoma • Once placed on the reservation they had to • accept the federal government as guardian

27. The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 Ended practice of treating each Indian nation separately Native Americans lost two rights: Could no longer negotiate treaties to protect their lands Could no longer vote on laws governing their fate Dawes Act decreed that parcels of land be given to individuals, not nations Severalty: a separate and individual right to possession or ownership that is not shared with any other person.

28. More about the Dawes Act: • Clear attempt to break down Native American loyalty to their own nations • Each family was allowed 160 acres (many reformers saw this as a good thing, compared it to the Emancipation Proclamation) • Left over land was sold to white settlers • Native American children sent to government boarding schools • Effect? • within 20 years Native Americans retained only 20% of their original reservation lands

29. Americanization and Assimilation • Parents often coerced into sending children • “assimilation through total immersion” • Forced to abandon their Native American identity • new haircuts • European-American style clothes • new English names • forbidden to speak their native language • (even with each other) • required to attend Christian churches Male Carlisle School Students 1879.

31. Native American group of Carlisle Indian Industrial School Male and Female Students

32. Portrait of Native Americans from the Cherokee, Cheyenne, Choctaw, Comanche, Iroquois, and Muscogee tribes in American attire. Photos dates from 1868 to 1924.

33. Writing Prompt: What happens to culture when people are forced to assimilate? Write a 1 or 2 paragraph response and be ready to share your ideas with the class through class discussion.

34. What are Push/Pull Factors? Push Factors: Conditions that drive people to leave their homes Examples: Land scarce in home country Political and/or religious persecution Revolutions Poverty Pull Factors: Conditions that attract people to a new area Examples: Promise of freedom (religious and political) Hope for a new life Jobs/ Industry Land “Streets paved with gold”

35. Immigration in America • Four Major Eras • Colonial • Mid- 19th Century • Turn of the 20th Century • Post 1965 • 1. Colonial Period (less than 1 million) • During the seventeenth century, approximately 175,000 Englishmen • migrated to Colonial America • Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America • during the 17th and 18th centuries arrived as indentured servants

36. 2. Mid 19th Century “Old Immigration” 1830 to 1860: Mostly Irish and German  1860 to 1890: still mainly Northern Europeans (England, Germany, Scandinavia) many came to settle the frontier near growing railroads

37. Many Americans welcomed these “old immigrants” as an asset to America as they were: • workers for factories, mines, railroad • farmers for the west • consumers for agricultural and industrial products • men with special abilities and talents • additional manpower for military • easily assimilated in American society • Exception: Irish & Chinese

38. German Immigrants • early to mid 19th century fleeing economic hardships • and autocratic government • “old immigrants” • better shape economically than Irish – arrived with • some resources • pushed out to the mid-west and set up model farms • prospered quickly • strong supporters of public schools

39. Nativism: Antiforeignism: • Keep immigrants out! • Immigrants were blamed for such things as: • the corruption of city government • low industrial wages • degradation of life in the cities

40. Reading Quiz (10 points) What group of people did the Know-Nothing Party regard as superstitious, ignorant, and dominated by Rome? 2. What event in the 1860’s caused the nativist movement to virtually disappear for a few years? 3. In the late 1800’s, nativists claimed that people from which sections ( regions) of Europe lacked intelligence and motivation? 4. A resurgence of which organization in the 1920’s led to a renewal of anti-Catholicism and anti-Semitism? 5. Why did labor unions fight for restrictions on immigration?

41. Nativism and Discrimination • Irish Immigrants • people were Ireland’s greatest export • poor, uneducated • Roman Catholic (mistrusted) • faced discrimination • stayed in Eastern cities (too poor to go west) • “The Know-Nothings” – smear campaign • stuck together became politically powerful

42. The New York Times want ad 1854

43. An Irish thug and a Catholic priest carve up the Democratic Party goose that laid the golden eggs. Thomas Nast – Harper’s Weekly

44. Caption: "Uncle Sam's Lodging House"Source: PuckDate: June 7, 1882 'Look here, you, everybody else is quiet and peaceable, and you're all the time a-kicking up a row!'"

45. "the raw Irishman in America is a nuisance, his son a curse. They never assimilate; the second generation simply shows an intensification of all the bad qualities of the first. . . .They are a burden and a misery to this country." Further, Irish had corrupted our politics, lowered the standards of domestic service, and waged an "imbecilic and indecent war" against the English government. The time had come to clear the Irishman from Uncle Sam's lodging house, where all races and nationalities, except the Irish, got along with each other! Puck June 7, 1882

46. Push Factors: Irish: no self rule and potato famine Germans: after revolution of 1848 Italians and Greeks: fled poverty Austrians and Russians: fled heavy taxation and military service Jews: fled persecution

47. 3. Turn of the 20th Century • “New Immigration” • 1890 to 1920 • mostly southern and eastern Europeans: Italy, Greece, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Poland • came in much larger numbers than earlier immigrants • largely poor and illiterate – fleeing European cities • “birds of passage” – stayed short time, worked, and returned • settled mainly in cities near factories NOT frontier • had more difficulty assimilating as they were different from • Americans – tried to preserve “Old Country” traditions • largely Roman Catholic or Jewish • native-born Americans feared immigrants would try to “establish” • the Catholic church at the expense of Protestantism

48. Opposition to “New Immigrants” • Reasons to Oppose the New Immigrants: • with the frontier closed, there was no land for them • new immigrants competed for jobs that should belong to Americans • they were harder to “Americanize” and had little education • they created ghettos and felt no need to learn American ways • they were “inferior” to Old Immigrants(Nordic Supremacy)

49. New York Harbor Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island Point of entry for millions of European immigrants

50. Ellis Island New York Harbor was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States nation's busiest immigration station from 1892 to 1954 12 million immigrants