Augustus and Tiberius

1. http://cassandra2004.blogspot.com/2008/11/praetorian-guard-augustus-obama.htmlhttp://cassandra2004.blogspot.com/2008/11/praetorian-guard-augustus-obama.html The Julio-Claudians http://www.livius.org/ti-tn/tiberius/tiberius.html Augustus and Tiberius By Anna Widder

2. Augustus 27 BCE-14 CE

3. Background • Born Gaius OctaviusThurinus in 63 BCE • Equestrian family with mild connections, most importantly that his Mother (AtiaBalbaCaesonia) was the niece of Julius Caesar • Father died when Octavian was young, thereby allowing Octavian to become the adopted son of Caesar http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Julius_Caesar_Coustou_Louvre.png http://www.mrdowling.com/702-augustus.html

4. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Sextus_Pompeius_42BC_Goldberg.JPGhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Sextus_Pompeius_42BC_Goldberg.JPG Rise to Power • Octavian massed armies of Caesarian veterans and marched on Rome against Marc Antony in 44 BCE • Octavian becomes senator 43 BCE and joins in the second Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus • Pompey’s son SextusPompeiusthreatens the Triumvirate and Lepidus is broken off • Octavian and Antony fight over Rome, culminating in Octavian winning the naval Battle of Actium in 31 BCE and killing Antony and his ally Cleopatra http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2010/11/rehabilitating-cleopatra.html#.UUKtqaXU7zI http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia_of_history/C/Caesar_to_Augustus.html

5. http://to-the-manner-born.blogspot.com/2011/08/sextilis.html Imperator • 27 BCE became Augustus Caesar, and the princepscivitatis among other titles • First Augustus restored the senate to old ways, with only the upper class and less members • He also restricted the power of the popular assemblies to practically nonexistent • He also cut the army in half with less men per legion and kept them on the borders • Set up praetorian guard of 9,000 to keep the peace in and around Rome • He allowed the Republic based offices to continue as a title of honor, not real power, which was reserved for his advisors. http://htmlgiant.com/music/kindersachen/attachment/roman_augustus21/

6. Improvements (PaxRomana) • Augustus lightly extended the borders, mostly to fortify the preexisting Empire • Organized provinces into the Roman style, with power over them split between himself and the Senate • Set up civil services, such as a post office and road crews • Within Rome, Augustus put together different offices to maintain the peace and food with capable people. • Organized the treasury by what is his and what is the Senate’s while centralizing the collection of taxes to his own offices.

7. Improvements (PaxRomana) • Augustus preferred peace to war, and after making diplomatic peace with the Parthians (in the east), he tried to defeat the Germanic tribes but gave up after TeutobergForest (9 CE • He was advised primarily by Agrippa as a general, and Maecenas for the arts • “I found a Rome of bricks; I leave to you one of marble” • Augustus built temples, palace, libraries, and encouraged poetry and literature and the ancient forms of religion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa http://www.civilization.org.uk/augustus/agrippa-and-maecenas http://architecture.about.com/od/domes/ss/Pantheon-In-Rome_3.htm

8. Death • Reigned for 45 years, instigating a long period of peace in Roman history • Left his adopted son Tiberius in charge after his natural death in 14 CE http://www.romanemperors.com/images/tiberius/1-louvre-bust-face-bw.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus

9. Augustus Bibliography "Augustus." PBS. 2006. Accessed March 10, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/augustus.html. Fagan, Garrett G. "Roman Emperors - DIR Augustus." Roman Emperors - DIR Augustus. July 5, 2004. Accessed March 11, 2013. http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggie.htm. "HISTORY OF AUGUSTUS CAESAR." HISTORY OF AUGUSTUS CAESAR. Accessed March 8, 2013. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=aa09. Morey, William C., PhD. "Chapter 23." In Outlines of Roman History. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: American Book, 1901. "Octavian - Augustus." Roman Emperors. Accessed March 10, 2013. http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/augustus.html.

10. Tiberius 14 CE-37 CE

11. Background • Son of Claudian Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla • Step-son of Augustus when Livia divorced Nero for Augustus • Married Augustus’ daughter and adopted by Augustus, joining the Claudian and Julian lines • A great general, chosen heir of Augustus by Augustus http://www.rome101.com/portraiture/JuliaElder/

12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus Imperator • Became Emperor following Augustus’s death • Opposition from the army: • Legions in Rhine area wanted Germanicus on the throne • Germanicus remained loyal to Tiberius and invaded Germany to occupy his troops with mild success • Tiberius sent Germanicus to Parthians after German success with no success with Parthians

13. http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=4455 A Few Changes • Took away people power, popular assemblies lose power to elect to the senate • Tiberius was more paranoid about his rule, so he made treason include hostilities against the emperor • Set up paid spies to listen if people spoke badly • Kept his friends and enemies in one place near Rome, for his own safety and to continue his paranoia http://www.crystalinks.com/romesenate.html

14. Provinces • Tiberius only focused his paranoia on Rome, and took care of the provinces of Rome better than Rome itself • Tiberius mostly allowed the provinces to continue as they had with Augustus, trying to continue the Augustan legacy • Gave relief to provinces from earthquake in Asia while Rome was savaged by plight and his own paranoia http://www.laits.utexas.edu/moore/rome/image/map-roman-empire-tiberius-14-37-ad-trajan-98-117-ad

15. Sejanus • Sejanus was Tiberius’s trusted advisor, who shouldn’t have been trusted • Sejanus caused the murder of Drusus, Tiberius’s son so that he could rise to power • Sejanus forced Tiberius into retiring to Capri in 26 CE after an uncertain reign with increasingly harsh laws in Rome • Sejanus instituted a reign of terror on Rome, killing any and all opposition, eventually plotting the death of Tiberius • His treason was eventually discovered and he was executed, but the killing did not stop there http://www.flickr.com/photos/bstorage/6852537661/

16. Aftermath and Death • After Sejanus’s treason and his son’s death, Tiberius ruled Rome from seclusion at Capri • His paranoia had reached exponential levels, and he ordered the prisons emptied in case of lingering Sejanus supporters • Rome was allowed to run on fumes left over from Augustus until Tiberius died in 37 CE to be succeeded by Caligula http://www.art247.com/Photo/13840

17. Tiberius Bibliography "The Early Emperors." The Early Emperors. Accessed March 9, 2013. http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/emp-index.html. Morey, William C., PhD. "Chapter 24." In Outlines of Roman History. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: American Book, 1901. "Tiberius." PBS. 2006. Accessed March 10, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/tiberius.h. "Tiberius." Roman Emperors. Accessed March 10, 2013. http://www.roman-emperors.org/tiberius.htm.