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From Republic to Empire

From Republic to Empire. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus ’ political reforms for Rome: 1. Proposed laws limiting the size of latifundias & redistributing the land to the poor 2. Wanted to take public land held by large landowners & give back to landless Romans.

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From Republic to Empire

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  1. From Republic to Empire

  2. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus’ political reforms for Rome: 1. Proposed laws limiting the size of latifundias & redistributing the land to the poor 2. Wanted to take public land held by large landowners & give back to landless Romans I. Political Reforms Change the Roman Republic

  3. Tiberius killed by a group of Senators in 133 B.C. • a. Senators were angry about the reforms • b. Gaius later suffers the same fate as his brother

  4. B. Gaius Marius Reforms the Roman Army • Promised land to urban and rural poor for enlisting in the army • a. Soldiers took an oath swearing allegiance to the general rather than the Roman republic

  5. C. Lucius Cornelius Sulla • Sulla won control in 82 B.C. after fighting Marius in a civil war • a. Conducted a reign of terror to crush opposition • b. Put power back in the hands of the Senate

  6. A. First Triumvirate is Formed 1. Between 82-31 B.C. Rome was in a variety of civil wars a. Individuals competed for power 2. Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar emerged victorious (formed the First Triumvirate) - group of 3, each with equal power II. Collapse of the Roman Republic

  7. The First Triumvirate Crassus Pompey Julius Caesar

  8. Triumvirate proves to be unstablea. When Crassus is killed in battle, Senate votes Pompey to lead all of Rome b. Caesar refuses to step down • Caesar increases Rome’s landholdings in NW Europe 5. With Pompey’s approval, the Senate orders Caesar to disband his legions & return to Rome

  9. Caesar’s next move, “Crossing the Rubicon” led to Civil War a. At the end of 2 months Caesar had captured all of Italy b. Drove Pompey & his allies out of the country

  10. III. Julius Caesar’s Reign • Takes over the government as dictator for life • 5 achievements of Roman government under the leadership of Caesar: a. Jobs given to unemployed b. Public land to the poor c. Citizenship to people in provinces d. Increases Senate size to 900 members e. Adopts a 365 day calendar

  11. 2 Contrasting views of how Romans viewed Caesar: • a. Wise ruler who brought peace & order to Rome • b. Tyrant who wanted to end republic & make himself king • Caesar is assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C. • a. Marcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius kill him as he enters the Senate

  12. IV. Second Triumvirate Formed • Second Triumvirate= Octavian, Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus a. Divided the Roman Empire among themselves

  13. Second Triumvirate is not successful a. Octavian forces Lepidus to retire from political life b. Antony marries Cleopatra • War breaks out between Marc Antony & Octavian a. Octavian persuades Romans, MA wants to rule Rome with a foreign queen b. Declares war on MA in name of Rome

  14. Battle of Actium- (31 B.C.)- Octavian destroys army & navy of Marc Antony • Marc Antony & Cleopatra commit suicide a year later in Egypt • Octavian becomes undisputed ruler of Rome

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