Professional Architectural Careers & Opportunities

1. Professional Architectural Careers & Opportunities By Ms. Jones

2. The Field of Architecture • Architecture is the profession of designing buildings, open areas and even whole communities, with an eye to the aesthetics of the end result

3. Duties of An Architect • Construction Project • Predesign services • Feasibility • Environment impact • Selecting the site • Requirements the design must meet • Final construction Plans • Appearance • Details for construction • Structural, electrical, mechanical, site and landscape

4. Employment Opportunities • Private Architectural Firms • Public and Government Agencies • Community Design • Urban Planning • Building and Construction Firms • Community Development Corp

5. Architectural Office Practices • Two Basic Models • Departmental Specializations • Designers • Spec Writers • Structural experts • Landscape designers • Production drafts people • Teamwork

6. Job Outlook • Classwork: What affects the architectural industry?

7. Architectural Drafting Warm-up • Answer the following Questions: • 1. What are the two Office Models of an Architectural Firm? • 2. What are the duties of an architect?

8. Skills • Communicate ideas visually to a client • Visual orientation and the ability to conceptualize and understand spatial relationships • Verbal and written communication skills • Work independently or part of a team • Creative • Computer literacy – spec writing, 2D&3D drafting and financial management

9. Design Team • Architect - a person trained in the planning, design and oversight of the construction of buildings that have as their principal purpose human occupancy or use. • Structural Engineer -a field of engineering dealing with the analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads. • Electrical Engineer - a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. • Mechanical Engineer - a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanicalsystems • Civil Engineer - a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like bridges, roads, canals, dams, and buildings.

10. Warm-up • Who are the members of the design team and what role do they play?

11. Architect Architects Duties Architectural Office Models Design Team Design Role Schematic Design Brief Design Process Documentation Role Tender Technical drawings Key Terms

12. Design Role • The architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. • Program or brief, is an essential meeting between the Architect and the owner/client to produce a project that meets all the needs and desires of the owner—it is a guide for the architect in creating the design concept. • Architects deal with local and federal jurisdictions about regulations and building codes. • local planning and zoning laws • setbacks, height limitations, parking requirements, transparency requirements (windows), and land use. • Some established jurisdictions require adherence to design and historic preservation guidelines.

13. Design Role con’t… • Basic design • Schematic design – development of graphic solutions to clients program • Alternative conceptual design proposals • Evaluate engineering systems needed for the project • Prepare volume and area calculations and evaluate cost of alternative design proposals • Incorporate relevant code requirements • Prepare presentation drawings and design models • Financial considerations • Building cost analysis • Analyze and evaluate construction cost • Prepare an analysis that meets the project requirements and provides alternatives • Use unit costs • Quantity calculations (corner guards, windows..etc) • Research Life-cycle cost for specifications • Factor current inflation rate and other economic variables

14. Design Role con’t… • Clientele relationships • Program or Brief • Get all the requirements for the project • Review schematic design and cost analysis • Within clients budget • Cost estimates and source of financing • Get feedback • Adjust schematic design if needed • Procedures of the design process • Define or Identify the problem • Brainstorm • Research and Generate Ideas • Identify Criteria and specify Constraints • Explore possibilities • Select and Approach • Develop a design proposal • Make a model or prototype • Test AND Evaluate the design

15. Documentation Role • Architects prepare the technical or "working" documents (construction drawings and specifications), • coordinate with and supplemented by the work of a variety of disciplines [i.e., with varied expertise like mechanical, plumbing, electrical, civil, structural, etc.] engineers for the building services and • drawings are filed for obtaining permits (development and building permits) that require compliance with building, seismic, and relevant federal and local regulations. • construction drawings and specifications are also used for pricing the work, and for construction.

16. Construction Role • Architects typically put projects to tender (bid) on behalf of their clients, • advise on the award of the project to a general contractor, • review the progress of the work during construction. • They typically review subcontractorshop drawings and other submittals, • prepare and issue site instructions, and provide construction contract administration and Certificates for Payment to the contractor • With very large, complex projects, an independent construction manager is sometimes hired to assist in design and to manage construction. • In the United Kingdom and other countries, a quantity surveyor is often part of the team to provide cost consulting.

17. Review: Basic Stages of Design • Initial Contact • Preliminary design studies • Initial working drawings • Final design considerations • Completion of working drawings • Permit procedures • Job supervision Pre-design Final Construction

18. Related Fields • Illustrator • Model Maker • Specification Writer • Inspector • Construction Field Worker

19. Warm-up (group work 2-3) • Imagine you work for a departmental architectural firm. Describe each departments involvement in the design role, documentation role and construction role. 20mins

20. Architectural Office Practices • Two Basic Models • Departmental Specializations • Designers • Spec Writers • Structural experts • Landscape designers • Production drafts people • Teamwork

21. Architectural Drawings • Architectural Diagram – • a drawing that uses geometric elements to abstractly represent • phenomena such as sound, light, heat, wind, and rain; • building components such as walls, windows, doors and furniture; and • characteristics of human perception and behavior such as sight lines, privacy and movement, as well as territorial boundaries of space or rooms. • A diagram is made of symbols and is about concepts. • It is abstract and propositional: its elements and spatial relations can be expressed as a set of statements. • It explores, explains, demonstrates, or clarifies relationships among parts of a whole or it illustrates how something works (a sequence of events, movement, or a process). • Its symbols may represent objects (e.g., a space or a piece of furniture) or concepts (e.g., service area, a buffer zone, accessibility or noise).

22. Architectural Drawings • Architectural Sketch – • A sketch, in contrast, is about spatial form. • It is executed with a finer resolution that indicates attributes of shape. • A sketch often comprises repetitive overtraced lines made to explore precise shape, rather than the intentionally abstract shapes of a diagram • it uses graphic modifiers such as tone and hatching to convey additional information.

23. Architectural Diagrams • Symbols Designers used conventional symbols and configurations for architectural concepts in diagrams.

24. (a) (b) a bubble diagram illustrates dimensions and adjacencies among functions in a floor plan. Types of Diagrams Floor Plans - a view from above showing the arrangement of spaces in building in the same way as a map, but showing the arrangement at a particular level of a building. Site Plans- a specific type of plan, showing the whole context of a building or group of buildings

25. Classwork • Graphic Vocabulary Worksheet

26. Warm-up: Complete last weeks classwork • Graphic Vocabulary Worksheet

27. Homework • Using your graphic vocabulary draw a diagram of a school courtyard

28. Architectural Sketches • Simple Sketch • Freehand drawing • Plan or elevation sketch • Scaled Sketch that may explore the proportions of a building. • Perspective sketch • Scaled Sketch that provides 3D information about a scene, specifying the shape of physical elements and visual appearance from some location

29. Other kinds of Drawings • softline (freehand) • hardline (drafted) • schematic drawings, • working drawings, as well as different projections (plans, sections, elevations, elevation oblique, axonometric [is a type of parallel projection, more specifically a type of orthographic projection, used to create a pictorial drawing of an object, where the object is rotated along one or more of its axes relative to the plane of projection] )

30. Working drawings • A comprehensive set of drawings used in a building construction project: logically subdivide into location, assembly and component drawings.[17] • Location drawings, also called general arrangement drawings, include floor plans, sections and elevations: they show where the construction elements are located. • Assembly drawings show how the different parts are put together. For example a wall detail will show the layers that make up the construction, how they are fixed to structural elements, how to finish the edges of openings, and how prefabricated components are to be fitted. • Component drawings enable self-contained elements e.g. windows and doorsets, to be fabricated in a workshop, and delivered to site complete and ready for installation. Larger components may include roof trusses, cladding panels, cupboards and kitchens. Complete rooms, especially hotel bedrooms and bathrooms, may be made as prefabricated pods complete with internal decorations and fittings.

31. Working drawings con’t… • Traditionally, working drawings would typically combine plans, sections, elevations and some details to provide a complete explanation of a building on one sheet. • That was possible because little detail was included, the building techniques involved being common knowledge amongst building professionals. • Modern working drawings are much more detailed and it is standard practice to isolate each view on a separate sheet. • Notes included on drawings are brief, referring to standardized specification documents for more information. Understanding the layout and construction of a modern building involves studying an often-sizeable set of drawings and documents.

32. Classwork • In Writing: Differentiate between the types of working drawings, how they are typically sequenced, who is responsible for their execution, what each drawing typically shows, and explain the typical sequence in which drawings are created.

33. The World of Architecture