Chapter 3: Environmental Ideology, Politics, and Decision Making

1. Chapter 3: Environmental Ideology, Politics, and Decision Making • Natural Resource Use: An Historical Perspective • Development of Natural Resource Policy • U.S. Environmental Policy Phases • Current Natural Resource Policy • How Decisions are Made • The “New” Environmental Politics Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

2. Natural Resource Use: An Historical Perspective Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

3. Development of Natural Resource Policy • U.S. Environmental Policy • International Policy Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

4. U.S. Environmental Policy Phases 1: 1600 to 1870: Exploitation and Expansion 2: 1840 to 1910: Early Warnings and a Conservation Ethic ~~ WAR & PROSPERITY ~~ 3: 1930 to 1940: Conservation for Economic Recovery ~~ WAR & PROSPERITY ~~ 4: 1962 to 1976: The Environmental Movement 5: 1976 to 1988: Pragmatism and Risk Reduction 6: 1988 to 2000: The New Environmental Consciousness 7: 2000 to present: Retrenchment Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

5. Phase 1: Exploitation and Expansion Figure 3.1: Clearing forests was seen as an improvement of the resource base. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

6. Phase 2: Early Warnings and a Conservation Ethic Figure 3.2: Plowing prairie soil with an early tractor, Oregon 1890 exemplifies growing links between agriculture and industry. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

7. Phase 3: Conservation for Economic Recovery Figure 3.4: Hoover Dam exemplifies public-works projects of the 1930s and 1940s. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

8. Current Natural Resource Policy Figure 3.5: Celebrating Earth Day Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

9. How Decisions are Made • Resource Decision Making in the United States • International Environmental Decision Making Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

10. International Institutions(See Table 3.1) • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) • World Trade Organization (WTO) • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) • International Maritime Organization (IMO) • UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultrual Organization (UNESCO) • World Health Organization (WHO) • UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) • UN Development Program (UNDP) • UN Environmental Program (UNEP) Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

11. International Agreements(See Table 3.2) 1979 Bonn: Migratory Species 1982 Montego Bay: Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1985 Vienna: Ozone Layer 1987 Montreal: Ozone Layer 1989 Basel: Transboundary Hazardous Waste 1992 Rio: Climate Change 1992 Rio: Biodiversity 1997 Kyoto: Climate Change 1959 Washington: Antarctic Treaty 1963 Moscow: Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1971 Ramsar: Wetlands of International Importance 1972 London: Ocean Dumping 1972 London: Biological Weapons 1973 Washington: Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 1978 London: Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

12. Decision-Making Process • Organizations • Strategies • The Role of Public Interest Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

13. The “New” Environmental Politics Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003

14. ISSUES • 3.1: In Fairness to All: Agenda 21 and Environmental Equity • 3.2: Politics and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003