Secession and the Civil War (1860-1865)

1. Secession and the Civil War(1860-1865) Cesar Hernandez

2. George McClellan Ulysses S. Grant William Sherman Abraham Lincoln Winfield Scott Key Figures Robert E. Lee Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Jefferson Davis

3. Misc. Key Figure John Wilkes Booth

4. Civil War The Civil War was the result of the differences in the way that the North and South sections of the United States ran their economies and the needs that presented themselves to each section. An effort was given to solve the conflict without any bloodshed, but there was no compromise and they went to war from 1861-1865. The North’s goal was simply to maintain the Union safe at all costs, be that freeing slaves, while the South’s mentality was to have no interference by the North in its commercial system. The effects of the war were the assassination of Lincoln, the “freeing” of slaves, and a message of the Union’s strength.

5. Civil War Map

6. Secession In order to make a stand for their beliefs, southern states seceded from the Union. They formed their own nation, the Confederate States of America, and fought for their beliefs with the U.S.A. The seceding states, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee, did so because of the differences and instability they had against the Northern States. Because of this, the Civil War was lurked even closer and aggravated the relationship between the two nations.

7. Order of Secession

8. Separation of West Virginia Originally, Virginia was not part of the Confederacy. However, as pressure mounted on the state, it decided to secede. But the problem arises when the west part of Virginia, later to be known as West Virginia, decides they want to stay with the Union, Virginia gets split apart and goes to the confederacy, while W.V. stays in the Union.

9. First Battle of Bull Run The Battle of Bull Run was the battle that defined the start of the Civil War. The attack was initiated by General Scott from the North who ordered his troops to storm the Manassas Junction, near Bull Run Creek. The North was on their way to winning the battle until 9,000 reinforcements for the south appeared and helped hold the line and counterattacked. General Jackson earned his nickname “Stonewall” for defending the assault as he forced the Northern forces to retreat back to Washington.

10. Southern Blockade Because of the North’s superior supplies and resources, they were able to use their navy to surround the Southern coasts and close off external help. This tactic also served as a form of transportation of troops and supplies in order to flank the south. Later in the war, both sides would use ironclad boats to battle their navies. The North sunk the C.S.S. Virginia with its U.S.S. Monitor, but the south managed to sink to other warships in the process.

11. Blockade Map

12. Battle of Shiloh The Battle of Shiloh was a step forward into the south by the North. It was not a full blown win for the Union, but in the end, they had the better outcome. The South could have delivered some decisive blows, but the North received some reinforcements in the middle of the battle and threw the tide in the North’s favor.

13. Battle of Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg showed the South’s ambition and brawn, but a somewhat lack of brains. Lee decided to take the war to the North, while the South’s overall goal was to simply defend their territory. The North won the battle because of higher troop numbers and better defensive positioning and hurt the South’s reputation as this defeat closed any chance of the Confederacy being recognized by foreign entities.

14. Lincoln Re-elected At the time of Lincoln’s re-election, he had little prospect of achieving a 2nd term because the war was not going his way. However, the military victories the North was achieving helped the polls in favor of Lincoln. He won the election with a total of 212 electoral votes and continued to serve as president. This strengthened the North to keep on winning the war.

15. Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse Lee attacked Petersburg, VA, but Grant’s forces were able to defeat him and force an armistice. Lee retreated to the Appomattox Courthouse and surrendered, giving in to the Union cause. This meant that the South had been defeated and the Union had been preserved.

16. Assassination of Lincoln Because of the radical and unheard of steps Lincoln was taking to accomplish the Union goal, other radical parties emerged. An individual known as John Wilkes Booth wanted to avenge the Southern defeat and assassinated Abraham Lincoln during a theater performance and escaped to Virginia. However, he was shot down 11 days later.

17. Documents • The Emancipation Proclamation • The Gettysburg Address • Letter from General Lee to President Davis

18. Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation is a document written by Lincoln in order to free black slaves in 10 of the Confederate States. This affected 3 million slaves, but some had to wait until union armies attacked in order to taste their freedom. It is important because it added black support to the Northern cause, made abolition a new cause, and freed slaves from forced physical, mental, and emotional hardship.

19. The Gettysburg Address After the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln prepared a speech to commemorate the Union’s victory in the Battle and the Union’s cause for war, as he later places emphasis on human values and those values on which the U.S.A. was founded on. Its importance lies in the fact that it rechristened people’s belief in the North and what the point in fighting was.

20. Letter from General Lee to President Davis This letter from Lee to Davis was about Lee’s retreat after Gettysburg and what Lee’s current situation is. He states that he is in a precarious position and that he must accept battle if the enemy wishes it, even if he doesn’t. He also states that his next move is a prudential one and that he has not lost faith in the rebel cause. It was important because it alerted Davis of what was happening on the field and showed how Lee addressed Davis, using words such as “Excellency” and “servant”.

21. Excerpts from Letter • “I am most respectfully your obedient servant, R. E. Lee, General” • “I hope your Excellency will understand that I am not in the least discouraged or that my faith in the protection of an All merciful Providence, or in the fortitude of this army is at all shaken.” • “But though conscious that the enemy has been much shattered in the recent battle I am aware that he can be easily reinforced while no addition can be made to our numbers. The measure therefore that I have recommended is altogether one of a prudential nature.”

22. Legislation • Enrollment Act • Lincoln’s Martial Law • 13th Amendment

23. Enrollment Act This law, which was passed in 1863, was a draft law in which all men were required to serve in the army. However, the controversy broke out when wealthy white men were able to pay off their requirement. Those opposed were poorer men who did not want to fight for the blacks. There was a shortage of men and that is why the law came about. Because of it, the New York Riot occurred, in which draft offices, black orphanages, and Republican houses were burned down.

24. Lincoln’s Martial Law During war, a president has extended powers. However, Lincoln tested the limit of those powers as he called Martial Law in order to avoid chaos. Lincoln felt it was a necessity and extended his powers to all parts of the U.S. where confederates were hiding in order to take them down.

25. 13th Amendment The 13th amendment was the result of Lincoln’s promotion of the abolitionist ideals and his influence in the creation of the amendment. On January 31, 1865, it officially banned slavery.

26. Resources • America: Past and Present • http://www.americancivilwar.com/documents/index.html • http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/tl1861.html