Periodic Table: Analyzing Physical and Chemical Properties

1. 7.PS1.5 Physical and Chemical Properties Notes Date TennesseeDCI Objective: Use the periodic table as a model to analyze and interpret evidence relating to physical and chemical properties to identify a sample of matter Success Criteria • I can use the periodic table to identify physical and chemical properties of matter.

2. Periodic Table in 3 Sections (1) Metals, (2) Metalloids, and (3) Nonmetals Metals:(on the left & middle) Metalloids:(on the zig-zag line) Nonmetals:(on the right) Nonmetals (on the right) Groups 3 to 12 are called the transition metals Metals (on the left and middle) More Metals These are actually located above in the 6th & 7th periods (rows) in group (column) three)

3. 3 Classes of Elements Using this as a guide, color code your periodic table to show the three classes. Start by highlighting the “zig-zag.”

4. Metals Location • Found on the left of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table (exception  Hydrogen) Chemical Properties • Have few electrons in their outer energy level, thus lose electrons easily Physical Properties • ductile, good conductors, malleable, shiny, most are solid @ room temperature Image taken from: http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/Element-Photo-Gallery.--98/Sodium.htm What metal is not a solid @ room temperature?

5. Non-Metals Location • Most found to the right of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table Chemical Properties • Most have almost full outer energy levels, thus they tend to gain electrons; some have completely full outer level Physical Properties • not ductile or malleable, not shiny, poor conductors, most are solid, but some are gas at room temperature Image taken from: http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/cl.htm Image taken from: https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/rockandmineral/sulfur.asp

6. Metalloids Location • Border the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table Chemical Properties • Most atoms have ½ (≈) complete set of electrons in outer level Physical Properties • have properties of both metals and non-metals Image taken from: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113863/bios.shtml Image taken from: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113863/bios.shtml

7. 7.PS1.5 Physical and Chemical Properties Science Notes Periods: The rows are called periods, and there are seven of them Per 1 Per 2 Per 3 Per 4 Per 5 Per 6 Per 7 From period 6 From period 7

8. The period number tells you the number of electron shells • All elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells 1st Period = 1 Shell 2nd Period = 2 Shells 3rd Period = 3 Shells 4th Period = 4 Shells Lithium Atom • This atom has two electron shells. • So it is located in the second period.

9. The period numbers reveal the number of electron shells Example: Every element in period 2 has 2 electron shells Example: Every element in period 3 has 3 electron shells Per 1 Period 2 (Each element here has 2 electron shells) Per 2 Period 3 (Each element here has 3 electron shells) Per 3 Per 4 Per 5 Per 6 Per 7

10. 7.PS1.5 Physical and Chemical Properties Science Notes Groups: The columns are called groups (also called families) • There are 18 groups 1 18 2 13 14 15 16 17 10 3 4 5 12 6 7 11 8 9

11. The group number (in some cases) can reveal how many electrons are in the outer most shells. Note: Electrons in the outer most shells are called valence electrons Example: Lithium (see below-left) has one valence electron, so it is in group (column) one. Example: Beryllium (see below-right) has two valence electrons, so it is in group (column) two. Beryllium Atom Lithium Atom x 4 x 5 2 Valence Electrons 1 Valence Electron 2 Valence Electrons

12. Group numbers can reveal the number of valence electrons Note: However this only works for groups 1 to 2 and 13 to 18 (see arrows below) See next few slides for details about how this “trick” works 1 18 2 13 14 15 16 17 This "trick" does not work with groups 3 to 12 (called transition metals) Memory Help: Remember V =V V for vertical = V for valence electrons

13. 1 Group numbers can reveal the number of valence electrons 2 Rules for Groups One and Two Example: Every element in group one has only one valence electron. Example: Every element in group two has exactly two valence electrons.

14. Valence electrons are the key. (electrons in the outermost shell) Reactivity in Elements Reactivity: is how easily or quickly a chemical reaction occurs. The number of valence electrons determines how and if the element/atom will chemically react/bond. If the outer shell is full, the element will not react with other elements. - x 5 If the outer shell is NOT full, the element will react with other elements. x 6 - + Note: Boron has 3 valence electrons. It is not full…can hold up to 8. Therefore it WILL chemically react - - - Boron Atom

15. Groups/Families • Columns are called groups/families • There are 18 groups • Group 1 is called the alkali metal family (see below) Group 1 = Alkali Metals Alkali metals are the most reactive group/family! Alkali Metals: • Notice they are in the first column. • So they have one valence electron. • Their outer shells are not full. • Easily react with other elements. Why?

16. Groups/Families • Group 2 is called the alkali-earth metal family (see below) Group 2 = Alkali-Earth Metals Alkali-earth metals are very reactive! Alkali-Earth Metals: • Notice they are in the second column. • So they have two valence electrons. • Their outer shells are not full. • Easily react with other elements. Why?

17. Groups/Families • Groups 3 to 12 are called the transition metals (see below) Groups 3 to 12 = Transition Metals Transition Metals Transition Metals (Lanthanides) Transition Metals (Actinides)

18. Groups/Families • Group 17 is called the halogen family (see below) Group 17 = Halogens Halogens are very reactive! (Flourine is the most reactive non-metal) Halogens: • Notice they are in the 17th column. • So they have seven valence electrons. • Their outer shells are not full. • Easily react with other elements. Why?

19. Groups/Families • Group 18 is called the noble gas family (see below) Group 18 = Noble Gases Noble gases are non-reactive/inert! Noble Gases: • Notice they are in the 18th column. • So they have 8 valence electrons. • Their outer shells are completely full. • They do not react with other elements. Why?

20. Review Question Period Four

21. Review Question Period Two

22. Review Question Groups 3 to 12 are called the transition metals

23. Review Question Note: The atoms get bigger, are heavier, and have more mass as you go to the right and down the periodic table.

24. SPI 0807.9.9 Periodic Table Science Questions What is the family name of group one shown above, and what is one key property of these elements? A) Halogens gases, they are non-reactive B) Alkali metals, they are very reactive.

25. SPI 0807.9.9 Periodic Table Science Questions What is the family name of group seventeen shown above, and what is one key property of these elements? A) Halogens gases, they are very reactive B) Alkali-Earth metals, they are not very reactive.