Enclosure Fire Dynamics

1. Enclosure Fire Dynamics • Chapter 1: Introduction • Chapter 2: Qualitative description of enclosure fires • Chapter 3: Energy release rates • Chapter 4: Plumes and flames • Chapter 5: Pressure and vent flows • Chapter 6: Gas temperatures • (Chapter 7: Heat transfer) • Chapter 8: Smoke filling • (Chapter 9: Products of combustion) • Chapter 10: Computer modeling

2. Background, Björn Karlsson • Civ Eng, Edinburgh, 1980-85 • Dept. Fire Safety Eng., Lund, 1985 – 2001 • Visiting Professor, University of Maryland 1996 • Director, Iceland Fire Authority • Director, Iceland Construction Authority • Docent at Dept. of Env. and Civ. Eng. University of Iceland • Vice-chairman Association of Chartered Eng • Chairman, Education subcommittee, IAFSS, International Association for Fire Safety Science, (www.iafss.org) • Editorial board; Fire Technology and Journal of Performance Based Fire Codes

3. Fire Safety Engineering (FSE) What is a mature engineering discipline? • A very solid research base • A well defined and well known terminology • Educational programs established in many universities • An abundance of design handbooks, design tools, computer programs, to assist the designer => FSE is not a mature engineering discipline, but enormous progress has been made the last few decades

4. Fire Safety Engineering (FSE) To provide a view FSE we will present a brief discussion of: • Fire Safety Engineering research • Fire Safety Engineering education • Fire Safety Engineering design

5. Fire Safety Engineering research • Fire Physics — including flame spread, fire growth, compartment fires, radiative and convective heat transfer in fires, fire fluid dynamics, CFD modeling, wildfires, post-earthquake fires, explosion • Fire Chemistry — ignition, smoke generation, soot, kinetics, toxicity, self-heating to ignition, heat release rate control • Structural Response and design —compartmentalization, material response to fire, protection of steel, concrete and wooden components • Human Behavior — human factors, response patterns, egress design, exit velocities, special needs • Risk Assessment, Performance based Design - quantitative risk assessment, hazard evaluation, reliability, performance- based design, statistical analysis • Suppression, Detection, and Smoke Management – detector design, suppression agents, halon replacement, smoke control, sprinkler research • Many other topics – fire investigation, fire reconstruction, fire service needs, transportation fires, industrial fires

6. Fire Safety Engineering education • FSE either taught as • 1 or 2 special courses within a B.Sc Eng Program • 1 or 2 special courses within a M.Sc Eng Program • full M.Sc program on top of any B.Sc engineering degree • full undergraduate FSE program (B.Sc) • Full programs taught at a number of universities around the world, best known are Lund University, University of Maryland, Worchester Polytechnic (near Boston), University of Canterbury (New Zealand), University of Edinburgh, etc, etc • Also China?

7. Eng. com- munication Consequences analysis Elective Elective course course Mechanics Working environment Fire Geo- dynamics technology Mathematics Analysis 3 Statistics Public org.& Building Building administration materials engineering Lund University: 3.5 years to B.Sc. in FSE Active systems Fire&risk Fire Risk analysis Riskbased chemistry methods physical Physics Chemistry planning Fire safety evaluation Thermo- dynamics Mathematics Mathematics Analysis 1 Analysis 2 Mathematics Lin. algebra 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year

8. Fire Safety Engineering design • Some new factors • Rapid development in the building industry, larger and more complex buildings, more complex technologies, design and materials • New building regulations based on performance requirements • Progress in the understanding in fire phenomena, risk concepts and human behaviour has been rapidly increasing • Many models available for simulating fires and simulating movement of humans

9. FSE Design methods Performance requirements in the building code Prescriptive FSE design (old code) Performance based FSE design (new) Tradition Approved documents Common sense Reducing protection Detailed recommendations Design solutions from abroad Former codes Classification Experience Calculations / tests Common practice DEEMED TO SATISFY VERIFICATION THROUGH ANALYSIS

10. Fire Safety Engineering design • Performance based Design Guidelines and handbooks • ISO • British Standard Institute (BSI) • New Danish Building Regulation • Swedish regulation and handbooks • Society of Fire Protection Engineers, USA • Australian Fire Engineering Guidelines • New Zealand, South Africa, etc • The use of new design tools, for example CFD codes (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and evacuation simulation

11. Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD

13. Evacuation simulation

14. FSE in design • Building industry is changing fast, larger and more complex buildings, more complex technologies, design and materials • FSE is rapidly becoming an acknowleged area of engineering • University degree courses are established in an increasing number of countries • Great advances have been made in Fire simulations and Escape simulations • Most important limitations are lack of education and slow overall technology transfer

15. Enclosure Fire DynamicsKarlsson and Quintiere

16. Units and measurements • Standard SI units whenever possible • Length in meters (m) • Mass in kilograms (kg) • Time in seconds (s) • Temperature in Kelvin (K) • But • Heat Release Rate often in (kW) = (kJ/s) • Mass loss rate often in (kg/(s m2)) • Dot means per time • “ means per area

17. Dimensions, symbols, units

18. Any questions?Next unit – Room fire development