SMART CITIES ACCELERATOR

1. The process of implementing sustainability into smart city development and its impact on social cohesion within the Øresund region Jay Sterling Gregg Karlotta Þórhallsdóttir Argyro Soumpourlou Marie Rosenlund Nielsen SMART CITIES ACCELERATOR Contact: jsgr@dtu.dk

2. Part 1: Context

3. What is “smart”, anyway? • Which technologies are smart? • Which are not? • Are they time dependent? • Is the smart city a goal in itself, or a means to achieve other goals? • What is the value proposition of smart cities? • Why?

4. “If we want to get the design of smart cities right, we need to take into account local quirks and involve citizens in their creation” (Smart Cities by Anthony Townsend, 2013) Architecture & planning are design problems, where there is no one “correct” or “optimal” solution. With no optimal solution, values and choices come in. “Aesthetics is the ultimate design problem” (Burnett & Evans, 2016)

5. The Smart City

9. Value Clashes between Smart vs. Socially Sustainable Cities • Efficiency & optimization vs. Individual freedom • Top down (big infrastructure) vs. Bottom up (participatory design) • Smart for whom? Smart cities vs. Smart citizens • Top down, centralized, proprietary, data-driven solutions • Efficiency and cost-saving the primary objective • “Algorithmic urbanism” (Tironi and Criado, 2015) • Humans as consumers or nodes in a larger system • Residents feel that something is being imposed on them • Optimization and coercion (?) Corporatization of the smart city The creative process is not something that is optimized, efficient or cost-saving. It is an expression of individual lived experience

10. Social Acceptance of Technology Acceptance is a stage of grief:“God grant me the serenityto accept the things I cannot change…” Social acceptance of technology is a tacit acknowledgement of a loss of power and agency. Discussions of social acceptance = underlying conflicting values

11. Social Engagement • Creates a market pull • Interaction and engagement give a sense of place and sense of community • Smart infrastructure is designed to be invisible, yet: • Underground infrastructure is de-politicizing; • Needs to be visible to be political

12. Part 2: Application

13. SMART CITIES ACCELERATOR • EU funded project through the regional programmeInterreg-ÖKS • A research and innovation partnership working with optimizing energy systems away from fossil fuels towards a more sustainable future • SCA involves universities, cities and companies in the Greater Copenhagen area & Skåne region who strive to be CO2neutral

14. What is the impact of smart solutions on (other) urban development goals? Vision: • Where do the goals come from and how are they defined? Linkages: • What are the linkages between smart, quality of life, resilient, green, economic viable Process: • What is the process for incorporating these elements in projects? Implementation: • What is the impact of a completed project?

15. Vision: Implementing Sustainability from Global To Local Scale • UN SDGs, EU directives • National • Targets, Guidelines • Municipal • Vision, Goals • Urban Development • Master Plan • Local Development • Projects and solutions Literature

16. Linkages: Assessing Municipal Plans Quality of Life Social, health, safety, security, community, inclusive, accessible, recreation Environment Nature, green, biodiversity, pollution Economics Jobs, workplace, growth, etc. Climate Adaptation, cloudburst, robust, resilience, etc. Smart Communication, innovation, technology, IoT, etc.

17. Citylab Action Guide(Sweden 2018) • Culture • Local supply • ICT • Energy • Air • Water • Light • Noise • Green and Blue Infrastructure • Material flows

18. Lund Overview Plan (2018) Vision: Lund creates the future- knowledge, innovation and openness • Economic development • Cultural environment • Mobility • Green infrastructure and ecosystem services • Technical infrastructure • Environment, health and safety

19. Comprehensive Plan for Malmö (2014) • MIXED-FUNCTION, DENSE, GREEN, CLOSE CITY • Energy efficient • Vibrant city life • GREEN GROWTH AND EMPLOYMENT • Attractive city • Diverse commercial sector • CULTURAL AND DEMOCRATIC AREA • Social Spaces • Security and Equality • Public health • Participation in the democratic process

20. Copenhagen Municipal Plan “The Coherent City” (2015) • GREEN RESIDENTIAL CITY • Sufficient housing to reduce price increases • Dense and sustainable city around stations • Green city for Copenhageners • COHERENT CITY • Development of the existing city • Social coherence • Good housing for all • QUALITY IN CITY LIFE • High level of municipal services • Attractive everyday life for the people of Copenhagen • Attractive retail and shopping • TOGETHER FOR GROWTH AND JOBS • More investment and jobs ensure a strong city • Sustainable location of businesses • A wide selection of businesses and jobs • GREATER COPENHAGEN • Growth, investment and jobs through regional cooperation • International hub

22. Process: Comparing Processes: Västerbro (Lund) & Carlsberg (Copenhagen) • Former industrial areas • Low Density • Gated • Mixed-use urban city district • Housing • Business • Green Space • Etc. • Västerbro: 660.000 m2 • Carlsberg: 250.000 m2

23. Process of forming development plans Västerbro, Lund Carlsberg, Copenhagen

24. Sustainability Assessment of Development Plans

25. Implementation: The relationship between smart city initiatives and social sustainability Creation of flexible planning and adaptive services Voice & Influence Thriving Community resilience Space to Grow Residents should feel that they have some collective, bottom up, influence in decision-making Democratic processes Participation Social & Cultural Life Established traditions Social cohesion Roadmap for designing for social sustainability Sense of belonging GAP Social inclusion Bonds between people in the community take time to develop Sense of place Social interaction Amenities & Infrastructure Education Accessibility The basic needs in infrastructure and amenities have to be fulfilled first Health Safety Mobility adapted from Woodcraft et al. 2011

26. Smart Lighting Project 1: The Green Path, Lund http://lightingmetropolis.com/projects_post/light-on-the-green-path/

27. Smart Lighting Project 2: Interactive Playground, Albertslund https://lightingmetropolis.com/projects_post/interactive-light-sound-at-the-playground/

28. Smart Lighting Project 3: Musicon Interactive Path, Roskilde http://lightingmetropolis.com/projects_post/lighting-the-path-to-musicon/

29. Energy Community 1 • A garden community, that long ago decided not to sell their local grid to the private grid operator. • An act of rebellion and an act of solidarity • Sydhavn and KalvebodKolonihave

30. Energy Community 2 • Nordhavn and Copenhagen International School • Established in 1963, but moved to the new building in 2017. Façade is completely covered with solar panels. Could this be the hub of a future energy community?

31. Summary of local case studies Lighting Energy Visibility - While energy is necessary infrastructure, it is more abstract and infrastructure is hidden. Solar panels as part of the new community space in Kalvebod. Democratic Voice & Identity- In Kalvebod, the energy community strengthens existing social ties though ability to make decisions about their energy supply (control). In Nordhavn, this is slow to develop, because of top down tech focus. • Visibility- lighting is visible infrastructure and supports place making and interaction. Aesthetically creative. • Democratic Voice & Identity- While lighting creates more feelings of safety and community identity, it does little to produce democratic voice.

32. Conclusions For SC to build social cohesion, emphasize: • Bottom up over top down • Solution pull over technology push • Visible, creative, interactive, aesthetic projects • Creating a sense of place

33. Extra slides

34. Green Urbanism Smart Cities Liveable Cities

35. Green Urbanism Environmental Sustainability Back to Nature Nature in the Cities Smart Cities Technology Innovation Efficiency Economic Growth Liveable Cities People Centered Social Spaces Engagement

36. What does “connected” mean? Green Urbanism Smart Cities Liveable Cities

37. “…social success and sustainability cannot be prescribed in the same way that the standards for green building or environmental sustainability can.” (Woodcraft et al, 2011)

38. “Building block model” i.e., network model Shows complex interlinkages between key social sustainability concepts (Woodcraft et al, 2011)

39. Copenhagen Architecture Plan 2017-2025 • ARCHITECTURE THAT TELLS A STORY • Create new architecture based on the distinctive character of Copenhagen • Build on local character to reinforce diversity and unique neighbourhoods • Respect cultural historical value in the built environment and local area • BUILDING FOR COPENHAGEN LIFE • Design buildings and public spaces that put people first • Prioritisea mixed city with architectural variety • Design buildings and public spaces with room for co-creation and private initiatives • RESPONSIBLE DESIGN • Enhance the quality of the city with climate change adaptation and energy optimisation • Create physical settings that contribute to energy optimisation • Design durable buildings and public spaces that deliver long-term value

40. CPH 2025 Climate Plan • Green, smart, and carbon neutral • Energy consumption and production • Green mobility