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Synthetic and Biological Polymers

Synthetic and Biological Polymers. Polymers: Macromolecules formed by the covalent attachment of a set of small molecules termed monomers. Polymers are classified as: (1) Man-made or synthetic polymers that are synthesized in the laboratory; (2) Biological polymer that are found in nature.

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Synthetic and Biological Polymers

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  1. Synthetic and Biological Polymers Polymers: Macromolecules formed by the covalent attachment of a set of small molecules termed monomers. Polymers are classified as: (1) Man-made or synthetic polymers that are synthesized in the laboratory; (2) Biological polymer that are found in nature. Synthetic polymers: nylon, poly-ethylene, poly-styrene Biological polymers: DNA, proteins, carbohydrates

  2. Methods for making polymers Addition polymerization and condensation polymerization Addition polymerization: monomers react to form a polymer without net loss of atoms. Most common form: free radical chain reaction of ethylenes n monomers one polymer molecule

  3. Example of addition polymers

  4. CH2 O2 peroxides 200 °C 2000 atm CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 Free-Radical AdditionPolymerization of Ethylene H2C polyethylene

  5. CHCH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH3 CH3 CH3 Free-Radical Polymerization of Propene H2C polypropylene

  6. .. RO .. Mechanism • H2C CHCH3

  7. .. RO: Mechanism H2C CHCH3 •

  8. .. RO: H2C CHCH3 Mechanism H2C CHCH3 •

  9. .. RO: Mechanism H2C CHCH3 H2C CHCH3 •

  10. .. RO: H2C CHCH3 Mechanism H2C CHCH3 H2C CHCH3 •

  11. .. RO: Mechanism H2C CHCH3 H2C CHCH3 H2C CHCH3 •

  12. .. RO: H2C CHCH3 Mechanism H2C CHCH3 H2C CHCH3 H2C CHCH3 •

  13. Likewise... • H2C=CHCl polyvinyl chloride • H2C=CHC6H5 polystyrene • F2C=CF2 Teflon

  14. Important constitutions for synthetic polymers

  15. Supramolecular structure of polymers

  16. Structural properties of linear polymers: conformational flexibility and strength

  17. Cross linking adds tensile strength

  18. Condensation polymerization Condensation polymerization: the polymer grows from monomers by splitting off a small molecule such as water or carbon dioxide. Example: formation of amide links and loss of water Monomers First unit of polymer + H2O

  19. Hydrogen bonds between chains Supramolecular Structure of nylon Intermolecular hydrogen bonds give nylon enormous tensile strength

  20. Biopolymers Nucleic acid polymers (DNA, RNA) Amino acids polymers (Proteins) Sugar polymers (Carbohydrates) Genetic information for the cell: DNA Structural strength and catalysis: Proteins Energy source: Carbohydrates

  21. Carbohydrates

  22. The basic structure of an amino acid monomer The difference between amino acids is the R group Proteins: amino acid monomers

  23. General structure of an amino acid Proteins: condensation polymers Formed by condensation polymerization of amino acids Monomers: 20 essential amino acids R is the only variable group First step toward poly(glycine) Glycine (R = H) + Glycine

  24. Representation of the constitution of a protein

  25. Three D representation of the structure of a protein

  26. DNA

  27. Thymine (T) The monomers: Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Phosphate- Sugar (backbone) of DNA

  28. Phosphate-sugar backbone holds the DNA macromolecule together

  29. One strand unwinds to duplicate its complement via a polymerization of the monomers C, G, A and T

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