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- Aspecte teoretice

Sustinerea la nivel European a cercetarii romanesti in domeniul analizei vulnerabilitatii si protectiei apelor subterane. Cuprins:. - Aspecte teoretice. O scurta examinare a metodelor de determinarea vulnerabilitatii apelor subterane :

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- Aspecte teoretice

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  1. Sustinerea la nivel European a cercetarii romanesti in domeniulanalizei vulnerabilitatii si protectiei apelor subterane

  2. Cuprins: - Aspecte teoretice Oscurta examinare ametodelor de determinarea vulnerabilitatii apelor subterane : - analiza comparativa intre harti de vulnerabilitate create prin diverse metode – studiu de caz: Néblon (Belgia) - Tendinte pe plan European AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  3. Concepte pentru protectia apelor subterane : • Zone pentru protectia surselor de apa • Harti de Vulnerabilitate a apelor subterane AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  4. Conceptul de vulnerabilitate a apei subterane are diferite intelesuri pentru diversi experti … • Foster (1987) • Pettyjohn et al. (1991) • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993) • U. S. Committee on Techniques for Assessing Groundwater Vulnerability - (National Research Council 1993) • Robins et al. (1994) • International Association of Hydrogeologists (Vrba and Zaporozec 1994) • European project COST Action 620 - Vulnerability and risk mapping for the protection of carbonate (karst) aquifers AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  5. “Vulnerabilitatea intrinseca defineste vulnerabilitatea apelor subterane la contaminantii generati de activitatile antropice. Se iau in calcul caracteristicile geologice, hidrologice si hidrogeologice ale zonei. Vulnerabilitatea intrinseca este independenta de natura contaminantului.” „Vulnerabilitatea specifica defineste vulnerabilitatea apelor subterane la un anumit tip sau la anumite grupuri de contaminanti. Se iau in consideratie proprietatile acestor contaminanti si relatiile lor cu diverse componente ale vulnerabilitatii intrinseci.” AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  6. Caracteristicile evaluarii vulnerabilitatiiapelor subterane : • Vulnerabilitatea apelor subterane este o caracteristica relativa, nemasurabila si fara dimensiune. • Determinarea vulnerabilitatii apelor subterane trebuie facuta pentru fiecare caz in parte. • Majoritatea metodelor de evaluare a vulnerabilitatii apelor subterane sunt bazate pe tehnici Overlay and index (GIS) AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  7. OVERLAY AND INDEX METHODS • comparison of a subject area to criteria judged to represent conditions found to be vulnerable in other areas • large areas • use overlay and cartographic methods • Hydrogeological Complex • and Settings Methods (HCS) • Matrix Systems (MS) • Rating Systems (RS) • Point Count System Models (PCSM) • (Parameter Weighting and Rating Methods) • Parametric System Methods AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  8. METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER INTRINSIC VULNERABILITY • HCS (hydrogeological complex and settings methods) • References: Albinet & Margat (1970 )  B.R.G.M. (1976) / Vrana (1968) / Olmer & Rezac (1974) / • Josopait & Schverdtfeger (1979) / Vrana (1984) / Subirana Asturias & Casas Ponsanti • (1984) / Breeuwsma et al. (1986) / Ostry et al. (1987) / Civita et al. (1988) • MS (matrix system methods) • References: Haertle (1983) / Engelen (1985) / Ministry Flemish Comm. (1987) / Carter et al. (1987) / • Palmer (1988) / Hungarian system – Madl Szonyi and Fule (1998) Irish method – Daly • and Drew (1999) • RS (rating system) • References: Fenge (1976) / Villumsen et al (1983) / Zaporozec (1985) / Sotornicova & Vrba (1987) • / Marcolongo & Pretto (1987) /GOD- Foster (1987)/ Schmidt (1987) / SEEPAGE - • Moore J.S. (1988) / AVI - Van Stempvoort et al (1993) / REKS – Malik and Svasta (1998) • PCSM (point count system model - rating and weighting system) • References: Trojan & Perry (1988) / DRASTIC-Aller et al. (1987) / SINTACS - Civita (1994) / • ISIS- De Regibus (1994)/ EPIK– (Doerfliger and Zwahlen 1997)/ • German method– von Hoyer and Söfner (1998) / VULK – Jeannin (2001) / PI - Goldscheider (2002) / • and ... European Approach - Daly et al. (2002). AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  9. Groundwater divide Evaporation Water table FLOW LINE REGIONAL FLOW SYSTEM METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER INTRINSIC VULNERABILITY BASIC PARAMETERS • Precipitation Regional recharge area • Topographic surface • Soil characteristics Local recharge area • Net Recharge Regional discharge area Infiltration • Unsaturated zone (lithology and thickness) • Aquifer media, hydraulic conductivity, and thickness • Aquifer connection to surface water • Land use type etc. .... AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  10. N E T H E R L A N D S B E L G I U M BRUSSELS G E R M A N Y LIEGE M e u s e NAMUR F R A N C E L U X E M B U R G N E B L O N N 0 50 100 km AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  11. 2. AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  12. LEGEND: Syncline axe Anticline axe Wells and Piezometers Piezometric head contour lines for the carbonate aquifer (1998) Geological strata: Alluvial deposits Tertiary formations Namurian - H1b Namurian - H1a Visean (Vise unit) - V2a, V2b, V2c Visean (Dinant unit) - V1 Upper Tournaisian - T2 Lower Touraisian - T1 Strunian - Fa2d Upper Famennian - Fa2a, Fa2b, Fa2c Lower Famennian - F1a, F1b, F1c Water supply galleries Perennial streams Temporary streams Swallowhole water catchment area Geology and hydrogeology of the study area AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  13. Spring Swallowhole High level Swallowhole Néblon Strong fractured zone Low level Ocquier stream ± 35 m N S 1 km A A’ LEGEND: ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS UPPER TOURNAISIAN MAJOR FOLD AXIS TERTIARY SANDY-CLAY DEPOSITS LOWER TOURNAISIAN GROUNDWATER LEVEL NAMURIAN STRUNIAN VISEAN UPPER FAMENIAN LOWER FAMENIAN Schematic North-South geological and hydrogeological cross-section AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  14. river network Topographic map Karstic features map (if any) Geological map Map of soil HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDIES field identification of unsignalised karstic features, rock outcrops, rock quarries obervation river flow-rates values (gauging stations) GEOPHYSICS ………. GROUND-WATER BALANCE ………. MODELS OF FLOW & CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT ………. (if any) TRACER TESTS ………. PUMPING TESTS ………. PIEZOMETRIC HEAD DATA ………. LAND USE (RUNOFF COEFF.) TOPOGRAPHIC DEM - (GRID) Mapping rock overcrops, quarries and hand-auger holes data HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAP (if any) SLOPE COMPUTING ANALYSIS & MAPPING Equivalence between different soils classification systems MAP OF HYDRAULIC HEADS CONTOURS DEM – HYDRAULIC HEAD (GRID) SUBSTRACTION AQUIFER MEDIA HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY SLOPE MAP UNSATURATED ZONE LITHOLOGY / EPIKARST RECHARGE DEPTH TO GROUNDWATER (GRID) VULNERABILITY METHOD PARAMETER QUANTIFICATION PARAMETER ANALYSIS, COMPUTING, OVERLAY, RECLASSIFICATION & MAPPING, FOLLOWING EACH METHOD SPECIFICITY ……………… n PARAMETER MAP PARAMETER MAP PARAMETER MAP OVERLAY PROCEDURE (PARTICULAR TO EACH METHOD) VULNERABILITY INDEX MAP RECLASSIFICATION OF VULNERABILITY INDEX TO OBTAIN THE FINAL VULNERABILITYMAP AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  15. Land-use zoning Topographic map Epikarst- features map Geological map Soils map Surface-runoff coeff.& Vegetation-cover type Digital terrain model Geomorphological zoning Aquifer-lithology zoning Control & processing Slope zoning Field tests, control & processing Field tests, control & processing Field tests, control & processing OVERLAY PROCEDURE WEIGHTING OVERLAY PROCEDURE Vi= (  · Ei ) + (  · Pi ) + (  · Ii ) + (  · Ki )  = 3;  = 1;  = 3;  = 2. Vulnerability index map (Vi ) Control, analysis & interpretation RECLASSIFICATION 9  Vi 19- High / 20  Vi 25- Moderate / 26  Vi 34- Low FINAL VULNERABILITY MAP • EPIK Method (Doerfliger and Zwahlen 1997) Infiltration-conditions- rate zoning (I) Epikarst-rate zoning (E) Karst-network zoning (K) Protective-cover- rate zoning (P) AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  16. LEGEND: Degree of vulnerability High vulnerability Moderate vulnerability Low vulnerability Water supply galleries Perennial streams Temporary streams Swallowhole water catchment area Final vulnerability map using EPIK method 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 M e t e r s AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  17. Pesticide DRASTIC DRASTIC Rating 1, 2, 3, ..., 10 Weight DRASTIC Method(Aller et al., 1987) » Depthto water » Net Recharge » Aquifer media » Soilmedia » Topography » Impact of the vadose zone » HydraulicConductivity 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 5 1 3 5 4 4 2 Di = Σ7j=1(Rj xWj ) AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  18. LEGEND: Degree of vulnerability Very high vulnerability High vulnerability Moderate vulnerability Low vulnerability Very low vulnerability Water supply galleries Perennial streams Temporary streams Swallowhole water catchment area Final vulnerability map using DRASTIC method - commonly used classes of vulnerability AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  19. LEGEND: Degree of vulnerability Very high vulnerability High vulnerability Moderate vulnerability Low vulnerability Water supply galleries Perennial streams Temporary streams Swallowhole water catchment area Final vulnerability map using DRASTIC method - (classes of vulnerability defined by Kumar and Engel 1997) AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  20. unconfined semi- unconfined (covered) STEP I GROUNDWATER OCCURRENCE RATING semi- confined none overflowing confined 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 alluvial and residual alluvial silts aeolian fluvio-glacial colluvial soils loess sands sands + gravels gravels UNCONSOLIDATED (sediments) STEP II OVERLYING LITHOLOGY RATING chalky mudstones siltstones sandstones limestones shales volcanic tuffs calcarenites CONSOLIDATES (porous rocks) F igneous/metamorphic recent calcretes + formations+older volcanics other volcanics levels limestones CONSOLIDATES (dense rocks) FF X 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 LEGEND: (i) - Degree of Consolidation STEP III DEPTH TO WATER RATING (unconfined or confined) (ii) - Lithological character <2m 5-10m >100m 50-100m 20-50m 10-20m 2-5m F - degree of fissuring A - relative attenuation capacity X 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 AA A Final Vulnerability Index 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 NEGLLOW MODERATE HIGH EXTREME AQUIFER VULNERABILITY CLASSES GOD Method(Foster et al., 1987) AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  21. LEGEND: Degree of vulnerability Very high vulnerability High vulnerability Moderate vulnerability Low vulnerability Very low vulnerability Water supply galleries Perennial streams Temporary streams Swallowhole water catchment area Final vulnerability map using GOD method AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  22. ISIS Method (Civita and De Regibus 1995) • developed on the base of the rating and weighting of DRASTIC and SINTACS and for the general structure - GOD method • Parameters : pInf - the rating values for ranges on the net recharge fInf- infiltration  coefficient dependent on land use • net recharge pSu-the rating values for the soil media fSu- weighting coefficient dependent on soil thickness fSus- soil coefficient dependent on land use • soil type and thickness and • topography (correction factor) pIns- the rating values assigned to the vadose zone fSi- weighting coefficient dependent on the unsaturated zone lithology and thickness fIns- vadose zone coefficient dependent on land use • unsaturated zone • lithology and thickness pSat- the rating values assigned to aquifer media fSs - weighting coefficient dependent on the aquifer thickness fSat- aquifer coefficient dependent on land use • aquifer media and thickness Iv = pInf · fInf + pSu · fSus · fSu + pIns · fSi · fIns + pSat· fSs · fSat The vulnerability index Ivis divided in 6 vulnerability classes: Extreme, Very High, High, Medium, Low, Very Low AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  23. LEGEND: Degree of vulnerability Extreme vulnerability Very high vulnerability High vulnerability Moderate vulnerability Low vulnerability Very low vulnerability Water supply galleries Perennial streams Temporary streams Swallowhole water catchment area Final vulnerability map using ISIS method AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  24. soil (S) - “effective field capacity” ( pedological mapping handbook) • percolation rate (W) • rock cover below soil (T): • thickness • rock cover above the aquifer (Ru and Rs): • the presence of a perched aquifer (Q) • the existence of unconfined/confined conditions (HP) Ru the lithology of the unconsolidated rocks Rs the lithology of the consolidated rocks • The German Method (von Hoyer and Söfner 1998) • applied for determination of the “protective effectiveness” (inverse of vulnerability) • Parameters : • P1 = S ·W • P2 = W( R1 ·T1 + R2 ·T2 + …… + Rn ·Tn ) + Q +HP • Pt= P1 + P2 Based on the Ptindex, five classes of protective effectiveness are distinguished : very high, high,moderate,low,and very low. AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  25. LEGEND: Degree of vulnerability Very high vulnerability High vulnerability Moderate vulnerability Low vulnerability Very low vulnerability Water supply galleries Perennial streams Temporary streams Swallowhole water catchment area Final vulnerability map using The German method AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  26. 100% 6.25 7.80 9.86 21.78 7.56 Vulnerability areas (%) 20.49 80% 29.11 60% 84.57 91.52 73.04 82.57 40% 73.26 63.09 20% 14.83 8.47 5.17 0.59 0% EPIK DRASTIC GERMAN ISIS GOD DRASTIC (b) Vulnerability methods Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  27. Comments: • German method, GOD, ISIS - more than a half of the study zone is vulnerable ! • DRASTIC method - 73.04% of the study area is moderate vulnerable. • EPIK method - 91.52% of the study area is moderate vulnerable. • Namurian formations - low vulnerable for all of the five methods. • Fammenian sandstone appears less vulnerable than the limestone aquifer. • Exception: GOD and partially German method • The Strunian bands - moderate or low vulnerable for all the methods. • The Lower Tournaisisan is mostly assessed with a moderate or a high • vulnerability. • The tertiary sandy-clay deposits are assessed as low vulnerable. • Exception: GOD and ISIS AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  28. DRASTICmethod is able to provide contrasted results a high sensitivity • Obs . - A careful quantification of the DRASTIC parameters, reliable results can be obtained for • karstic aquifers. • - The karstic features must receive a particular attention. • - Improvements have to be considered ( parameters quantification i.e. recharge) • The German method and the GODmethod assessed the karstic aquifer as very vulnerable. • The German method - good at delineating the karstic features but creates overpredicted high- • vulnerable areas. • EPIK method better outlined the karstic features and 91.52% - moderate vulnerable. • The EPIK method criteria make its only suitable for highly karstified regions or for water • catchment areas of the karstic features Analysing only aquifers that are lithologically very similar lead to less contrasts. This is the case for the EPIK method that can provide answers only for karstic aquifers. AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  29. Tendinte actuale pe plan european AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  30. Proiectul European COST A 620 “Cartografierea vulnerabilitatii si a riscului in scopul protectiei acviferelor carstice” (http://www1.unine.ch/chyn/php/publica_intro.php). Actiunea europeana A 620 a reunit experti din domenii stiintifice variate: hidrogeologie, geomorfologie, chimia mediului, microbiologie, avand fiecare dintre ei cunostinte specializate privind apele subterane. Acesti specialisti si-auadus contributia prin expertiza lor asupra analizei comportamentului specific al acviferelor carstice ca un intreg si precum si prin studierea sensibilitatii acestora la impactul antropic. AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  31. AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  32. GABARDINE - Groundwater Artificial recharge Based on Alternative sources of wateR: aDvanced INtegrated technologies and management - FP6 (www.ewre.com/Gabardine/home.aspx) Vulnerability assessment to quantity and quality stress factors 1) the development of an existing physically-based groundwater vulnerability assessment method to account for quantity and quality stress factors affecting the groundwater reservoir due to the artificial injection and or the abstraction of waters of variable qualities; 2) application of the vulnerability assessment method to the testsites. AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  33. AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

  34. Va multumesc pentru atentie ! AQUAPROTECT – 16 Octombrie 2006 Radu Constantin GOGU

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