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From Caedmon to Caxton

From Caedmon to Caxton. Thomas Honegger t.m.honegger@gmx.de. http:// www. db-thueringen.de/ content/top/ index.xml History of English. The Celtic Non-influence 1. Celtic settlement of Britain during the 5th-3rd centuries BC. Romanised Celtic Britain 43-410 A.D.

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From Caedmon to Caxton

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  1. From Caedmon to Caxton Thomas Honeggert.m.honegger@gmx.de

  2. http://www.db-thueringen.de/content/top/index.xmlHistory of English

  3. The Celtic Non-influence 1 • Celtic settlement of Britain during the 5th-3rd centuries BC. • Romanised Celtic Britain 43-410 A.D. • Christian Britain since the 4th cent. A.D. • Anglo-Saxon settlement and occupation since beginning of 5th century A.D.

  4. The Celtic Non-influence 2 • Close contact between the two peoples, but: hardly any linguistic impact of the Celtic language on the English language • Place-names & landscape features:Thames, Avon, Exe, Esk, Usk • What do Whisky and the river Usk have in common? • answer: water (usq-) • whisky < usquebaugh = water of life

  5. The Celtic Non-influence 3 • Landscape features: • bar (= hill), bre (= hill) => cf. Barr, Brendon • cumb (= deep valley), torr (= peak) =>cf. Duncombe, Holcombe, Torr, Torcross

  6. The Celtic Non-influence 4 • Words from daily contact: • binn = basket, crib; brocc = badger; luh = lake; ?dun? = dark; bratt = cloak

  7. The Celtic Non-influence 5 • Celtic mission (St. Columba & 12 fellow-monks came over from Ireland to Iona in 563 A.D.) => ‘Christian’ words • ancor = hermit; dry\ = magician; clugge = bell; cursian = to curse

  8. The Danelaw

  9. Sundial Inscription • ORM GAMALSUNA BOHTE SCS GREGORIVS MINSTER ÎONNE HIT WES AEL TOBROCAN 7 TO FALAN 7 HE HIT LET MACAN NEWAN FROM GRUNDE XPE 7 SCS GREGORIVS IN EDWARD DAGUM CNG 7 IN TOSTI DAGUM EORL 7 HAWARÎ ME WROHTE 7 BRAND PRS

  10. Some Characteristics of ON • Loss of initial w- • wulf => ulf • -son as patronymic element vs. AS -ing • Brownson vs. Browning • metathesis: -z to -r • wulfaz => ulfr

  11. Alfred the Great (reigned 871-899)

  12. Aelfred mec heht gewyrcan

  13. Alfred’s ‘New Deal’ for Education • Translation (into Old English) of works central for the education of an Anglo-Saxon elite • Trigger: Destruction of former centres of learning and scholarship (monastery schools, monastery libraries) => hardly any competent Latin scholars survived the troublesome decades of the Viking invasions (cf. Alfred’s Preface to PC)

  14. Alfredian Translations & Writings 1 • Gregory the Great (540-604): Cura Pastoralis & Dialogues • Boethius (480- 524):De consolatio Philosophiae (later also translated by Chaucer and Elizabeth I) • St. Augustine (357-430): Soliloquies • Orosius (5th cent.): Historia adversus paganos

  15. Alfredian Translations & Writings 2 • Beda Venerabilis (Bede, 673-735): Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum • Law Code • Anglo-Saxon Chronicle • Sample entries from the ASC:Year 1. Octavian ruled 56 years, and in the 42 year of his rule Christ was born.2. The astrologers from eastern parts came in order to worship Christ.

  16. Sample Entries from the ASC • 3. Here Herod passed away, and the Christ child was carried back from Egypt.11. From the beginning of the world to this year, 5 thousand and 200 years had gone.33. Here Christ was hanged, 5 thousand and 200 and 26 years from the beginning of the world.47 [43]. Here Claudius, king of the Romans, went with a raiding army to Britain.

  17. Sample Entries from the ASC • 410 [409]. Here the stronghold of Rome was destroyed by the Goths, 11 hundred and 10 years after it was built. Afterwards, beyond that, the kings of the Romans no longer ruled in Britain.449. [...] Hengest and Horsa, invited by Vortigern, king of the Britons, sought out Britain [...] at first helped the Britons, but later they fought against them.

  18. The Latin Influence • Zero Period (up to 450 A.D.) • First Period (c. 450-600 A.D) • Second Period (c. 600-1100 A.D.)

  19. The Latin Influence 2 • Zero Period (up to 450 A.D.) • goes back to the time when the Angles, Saxons and Jutes still lived on the Continent

  20. The Latin Influence 3 • Zero Influence • contact with Roman civilisation (merchants, military) • How can we determine the date of the loan? • Phonetic form: i-mutation affected words in English during the 7th century.

  21. The Latin Influence 3 • i-mutation (7th century) • Back vowels æ, a, o, and u are raised and/or fronted by a pre-Old English i/j in the following syllable. This i/j was later weakened to e or disappeared altogether. • *badja > *bædja > bed*mann-iz > menn • pulvinus > ?

  22. The Latin Influence 4 • i-mutation (7th century) • pulvinus > pyle > pillow • puteus > OE *puti > ? • puteus > OE *puti > pytt > pit

  23. The Latin Influence 5 • i-mutation (7th century) • moneta > OE *munit > ? • moneta > OE *munit > mynet > mint • moneta > OFr moneie > ME monei > money

  24. The Latin Influence 6 • Words taken over during the Zero Period • 1) War: camp (‘battle’) < L. campus; segn (‘banner’) < L. signum; pil (‘javelin’) < L. pilum; straet (‘street’) < L. via strata • 2) Trade: ceap (‘trade’) < L. caupo (‘inn-keeper’); mangere (‘trader’) < L. mango • cf. ironmonger, fishmonger • eced (‘acid’) < L. acetum; cuppe (‘cup’) < L. cuppa

  25. The Latin Influence 7 • Words taken over during the First Period (450-600 AD) • Latin words via Celtic language (which had borrowed more than 600 words) or reinforcement of already existing Latin loans from the Zero Period. • name-element ceaster < L. castra (enclosed space for habitation, not necessarily a military camp) • Winchester, Colchester, Dorchester, etc.

  26. The Latin Influence 8 • First Period (450-600 AD) • port < L. portus (‘harbour’)munt < L. mons, montis (‘mountain’)wic < L. vicus (‘village’)cf. Warwick, Gatwick

  27. The Latin Influence 9 • Second Period (600-1100 AD): loans mainly due to Christianisation • 1) Early influences (600-900 AD): new concepts need to be expressed in new words • 2) Later influence (900-1100 AD):learned words, connection with Benedictine Reform

  28. The Latin Influence 10 • Early influences (600-900 AD): new concepts need to be expressed in new words • religion: abbot, alms, altar, angel, ark, candle, canon, chalice, cleric, disciple (also loan-translation: leorning-cniht), epistle, litany, manna, martyr, mass, minster, noon, nun, organ, priest, psalter, relic

  29. The Monastic Day 1 • Ps. 118, 164: Seven times a day I will sing your praise! Ps. 118, 62: I get up at midnight to sing your praise! • 23.30 wake up call • 1) Matutin (Mette) 0.00-2.00 2.00 sleep 4.30 wake up call

  30. The Monastic Day 2 • 2) Laudes • 3) Prim (Hora Prima) 5.00-6.30 • 4) First Mass • Work and study 7.00-9.00 • 5) Terz (Hora Tertia) 9.00-10.00 • [6) High Mass (Day Mass)]

  31. The Monastic Day 3 • 7) Sext (Hora Sexta) lunch, siesta etc. 11.00-15.00 • 8) None (Hora Nona) 15.00-18.00 work and study, dinner • 9) Vesper (Vesprae) 18.00 (19.00) • 10) Complete (Completorium) go to sleep 19.30

  32. St John Nepomuk (1350-1393)

  33. Relics • Parts of the body (bones, hair, teeth, blood etc.) of the saint or holy person. • Items that have been in contact with the saint or holy person (splinters from the Holy Cross, the Grail, pieces of cloth, Turin Shroud, crown of thorns, rings etc.) • Curiosa: feather of the Holy Ghost, umbilical cord of Christ

  34. Relics 2 • ‘Sympathetic magic’: the items that have come in close contact with the saint/holy person have taken over some of his/her power - and continues to ‘give off’ power => a believer can ‘participate’ in the saint’s power via the relic • relics often used to consecrate altars

  35. The Latin Influence 11 • Early influences (600-900 AD): new concepts need to be expressed in new words • domestic life: cap, sock, silk, chest, mat, lentil, pear, radish, oyster, lobster, mussel, fennel, lily, myrrh • schooling: school, master, grammar, verse, gloss, notary

  36. The Latin Influence 12 • Later influences (900-1100 AD): of learned nature, due to Benedictine Reform • Flowering of monastic culture (8th & 9th centuries) cut short in Northumbria and Mercia due to Viking invasion. • In the aftermath, monastic discipline and culture suffered from neglect =>

  37. The Latin Influence 13 • Benedictine Reform in the 10th century. • Strict observance of the Benedictine Rule‘ora et labora’! • chastity, obedience, poverty • effects: improvement of education and monastic discipline

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