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An Optimality-Theoretic account of Sa -insertion in Japanese

An Optimality-Theoretic account of Sa -insertion in Japanese. Shin-ichiro Sano (Graduate Student, Sophia Univ. ) shinichirosano@gmail.com. Sa -insertion. Sa -insertion: variation of causatives in Japanese Formation of causatives in Japanese:

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An Optimality-Theoretic account of Sa -insertion in Japanese

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  1. An Optimality-Theoretic account of Sa-insertion in Japanese Shin-ichiro Sano (Graduate Student, Sophia Univ. ) shinichirosano@gmail.com

  2. Sa-insertion • Sa-insertion: variation of causatives in Japanese • Formation of causatives in Japanese: attaching causative suffix (as, ase) to verb stems • Standard causative: V - ase • Sa-insertion: V - as-ase

  3. Examples (causative) • Standard causative Watasi-ga Taroo-ni sore-o yar-ase-ru. I-Nom Taro-Dat it-Acc do-Cause • Sa-insertion *Watasi-ga Taroo-ni sore-o yar-as-ase-ru. I-Nom Taro-Dat it-Acc do-Cause-Cause • ‘I let Taro do it.’

  4. Examples (honorific) • Standard causative Watasi-ga sore-o yar-ase-teitadaku. I-Nom it-Acc do-Cause-benefactive • Sa-insertion Watasi-ga sore-o yar-as-ase-teitadaku. I-Nom it-Acc do-Cause-Cause-benefactive • ‘I will do it.’ (honorific)

  5. Quantitative analysis • Corpus: On-line full-text database of the minutes of the Diet • Sampling: by birth-year → 81 members from Tokyo Table 1. The rate of Sa-insertion in all causatives

  6. Chronological change of Sa-insertion Pseudo R^2=0.096

  7. Summary of quantitative analysis • Sa-insertion: • is first observed in 1949. • does not contain the sequence sasa. • Some Sa-insertion is observed (gradually increasing) until the 1980s. After the 1980s, it suddenly exploded. ↓ • is in the beginning of a Language change. • The change will proceed in an S-curve fashion.

  8. Double causative • Okada (2003): Sa-insertion is a double causative. • The meaning is not double causative but honorific. • Double causative Double causative is not allowed in Japanese. (Shibatani 1973, among others) → suppressed to a single causative V - as - ase → V - ase • Variation: suppressed → Standard causatives unsuppressed → Sa-insertion

  9. 2 types of Japanese Verbs (Bloch 1946) • Consonant verbs (e.g. hasir-‘run’, yar-‘do’) • Vowel verbs (e.g. mi-‘see’, tabe-‘eat’) • Sa-insertion is restricted to Consonant verbs.

  10. OT analysis *Double causative • Double causative is suppressed to a single causative. • OCP (morph): No identical morphological categories are adjacent. • Double causative is blocked by OCP (morph) and single causative surfaces.

  11. Paradigm Contrast • Contrast between causative and honorific (reduces functional load) • ParContrast (Paradigm Contrast, Ito and Mester 2004): The cells of a paradigm are pair-wise phonologically distinct. • OCP (morph) ≫ParContrast: Standard causative →ParContrast ≫ OCP (morph): Sa-insertion • Form and Content -2 to 2 ya.ra.se

  12. *sasa • Sa-insertion does not contain the sequence sasa. • OCP (μ) No identical moras are adjacent.

  13. Sa-insertion – consonant verbs • Sa-insertion is restricted to consonant verbs. • Any Sa-insertion with vowel verbs contains sasa. → phonological reason (not lexical or morphological)

  14. Allomorph Correspondence • Paradigm optimization • AlloCorr (Allomorph Correspondence, Ito and Mester 2004): Morphs in a relation of allomorphy are identical. • Form and Content -1 to 1

  15. Language Change • Change of the ranking: OCP (morph) ≫ ParContrast, AlloCorr → ParContrast, AlloCorr ≫ OCP (morph) • Partially ordered grammar: OCP (morph), ParContrast OCP (morph) ≫ ParContrast, AlloCorr → Standard caus. AlloCorr ParContrast, AlloCorr ≫ OCP (morph) →Sa-insertion

  16. Conclusion • Sa-insertion - Language change (initial stage) • Contrast and Paradigm optimization Standard causative Sa-insertion Contrast: Form 1, Content 2 Form 2, Content 2 ParaOptim: Form 2, Content 1 Form 1, Content 1 →change of ranking • OCP (morph) ≫ ParContrast, AlloCorr • Paradigm optimization in Ra-deletion (variation in passives) (Ito and Mester 2004) → Global change in Japanese voice system

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