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The Book of Exodus

The Book of Exodus. Key Ideas. The supremacy of Yahweh over pagan deities The redemption of ancient Israel through the exodus The Mosaic law The presence of God symbolized in the tabernacle. Purpose Statement.

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The Book of Exodus

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  1. The Book of Exodus

  2. Key Ideas The supremacy of Yahweh over pagan deities The redemption of ancient Israel through the exodus The Mosaic law The presence of God symbolized in the tabernacle

  3. Purpose Statement The purpose of Exodus is to explain how the Israelites became slaves in Egypt and their deliverance from Egyptian oppression. The book also reveals how God’s divine presence came to dwell among his people, Israel.

  4. Major Themes Yahweh The Ten Plagues The Passover The Ten Commandments The Presence of God

  5. God’s Presence Exodus lays the foundation for the theme of God’s presence: Seen in call of Moses in the burning bush. Plagues of judgment against Pharaoh and Egyptians. Mount Sinai theophany. Instructions for the tabernacle.

  6. Intro Info… English name comes from Greek Old Testament title Exodus (“going out”; “departure”) Hebrew title: “these are the names” Continues record of early history of Hebrews in Egypt

  7. Intro Info… Moses is the primary character, but God’s redemptive work of delivering Israel from slavery is the real story. Shows God’s faithfulness to his promises Significant event in Old Testament salvation (“rescue”) history

  8. The Writing of the Book Jewish and Christian tradition: Moses is the author Others argue that Joshua or Eleazar composed the book Regardless, Moses is the book’s source

  9. The Background The Date of the Exodus Records events from Moses’ birth to completion of tabernacle (i.e., 85 years) Main problem with dating: when did the Exodus occur? Early Date (1446-1437 BC) Late Date (1350-1225 BC)

  10. The Route of the Exodus

  11. Purpose and Message Message Summed up in two passages: The commission of Moses (6:2-9)

  12. The Commission of Moses 2 God also said to Moses: “I am the LORD. 3 I appeared to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as God Almighty, but I didn’t reveal myself to them by my name ‘The LORD.’4 I also set up my covenant with them to give them the land of Canaan where they lived as immigrants. 5 I’ve also heard the cry of grief of the Israelites, whom the Egyptians have turned into slaves, and I’ve remembered my covenant.

  13. The Commission of Moses 6 Therefore, say to the Israelites, ‘I am the LORD. I’ll bring you out from Egyptian forced labor. I’ll rescue you from your slavery to them. I’ll set you free with great power and with momentous events of justice. 7 I’ll take you as my people, and I’ll be your God. You will know that I, the LORD, am your God, who has freed you from Egyptian forced labor. 8 I’ll bring you into the land that I promised to give to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. I’ll give it to you as your possession. I am the LORD.’”9 Moses told this to the Israelites. But they didn’t listen to Moses, because of their complete exhaustion and their hard labor.

  14. Purpose and Message Message Summed up in two passages: The commission of Moses (6:2-9) Covenant ceremony at Sinai (19:2-6)

  15. Purpose and Message

  16. The Covenant at Sinai 2 They traveled from Rephidim, came into the Sinai desert, and set up camp there. Israel camped there in front of the mountain 3 while Moses went up to God. The LORD called to him from the mountain, “This is what you should say to Jacob’s household and declare to the Israelites: 4 You saw what I did to the Egyptians, and how I lifted you up on eagels’ wings and brought you to me. 5 So now, if you faithfully obey me and stay true to my covenant, you will be my most precious possession out of all the peoples, since the whole earth belongs to me. 6 You will be a kingdom of priests for me and a holy nation. These are the words you should say to the Israelites.”

  17. Purpose and Message Message Three components: Judgment of Egypt Deliverance of Israel by the “mighty arm” of Yahweh Establishment of Israel as God’s special possession

  18. Purpose and Message Message Special emphases: Judgment and deliverance (1-12) Yahweh’s guidance in the wilderness (13-18) Covenant and law (19-24) Worship of the Holy One of Israel (25-40)

  19. Purpose and Message Purpose Historical purpose: Explaining how Israelites came to be slaves in Egypt Israel’s deliverance Israel’s presence in the wilderness of Sinai

  20. Purpose and Message Purpose Theological purpose: Divine self-disclosure—he has revealed himself as Yahweh God takes Israel for his people and will be their God (6:7)

  21. Purpose and Message Purpose Instructional purpose: Importance of maintaining covenant relationship with Yahweh Importance of the law

  22. Structure Arranged into three large blocks: Israel in Egypt (1:1 – 13:16) Moses introduced as God’s instrument Confirms success of mission to free Israel by revealing himself as Yahweh Method of delivery: ten plagues on Egyptian nation The Passover Feast

  23. Structure Arranged into three large blocks: Israel’s wilderness trek (13:7 – 18:27) Yahweh makes former slaves his “special possession” Yahweh solidifies the covenant with Israel

  24. Structure Arranged into three large blocks: Israel at Sinai (19:1 – 40:38) Yahweh’s tabernacle Ordination of Aaron and his sons Israel’s golden-calf episode Israel’s pattern of rebellion established

  25. Structure Arranged into three large blocks: Israel in Egypt (1:1 – 13:16) Israel’s wilderness trek (13:17 – 18:27) Israel at Sinai (19:1 – 40:38) Exodus completes Genesis and anticipates Leviticus Genesis, Exodus, and Leviticus are to be read together

  26. Major Themes Yahweh The Ten Plagues The Passover The Ten Commandments The Presence of God

  27. Major Themes Yahweh The Ten Plagues The Passover The Ten Commandments The Presence of God

  28. Yahweh God’s revelation of his name of Yahweh to Mosesnew stage in his relationship with Israel Usually translated “I AM”: God is personal, eternal, and all-sufficient

  29. Yahweh God revealed himself to Israel in a variety of ways in Old Testament, but most important was content of the revelation: God who remembered his covenant obligations (2:24) God of judgment and deliverance (12:27) Transcendent, yet immanent (19:10-25; 25:1-9) Rules nations for Israel’s sake (15:4-6; 18:10-12) Unique and holy (15:11; 18:10-12) Gracious and merciful (32:11-14)

  30. Major Themes Yahweh The Ten Plagues The Passover The Ten Commandments The Presence of God

  31. The Ten Plagues Moses vs. Pharaoh = Yahweh vs. false gods of Egyptians “signs” and “wonders” = miraculous outworking of God’s power Plagues as God’s judgment on pantheon of Egyptian gods Final two plagues aimed at Egyptian deity and his earthly representative, Pharaoh

  32. The Ten Plagues

  33. The Ten Plagues What about the “hardening of Pharaoh’s heart”? God was already aware of Pharaoh’s stubbornness (Ex. 3:19-20) After sixth plague, God himself hardens Pharaohs’ heart (Ex. 9:8-12) So, what? God is sovereign, but we are responsible.

  34. Major Themes Yahweh The Ten Plagues The Passover The Ten Commandments The Presence of God

  35. The Passover Context: last plague against Pharaoh, Egyptians, and Egyptian gods Forced Hebrew flight from oppression and slavery Future generations commanded to observe Passover as a feast commemorating Hebrews’ deliverance by Yahweh’s mighty arm

  36. The Passover Feast of Unleavened Bread: accompanied Passover; reminder of great haste of Israel’s exodus Dedication of firstborn: reminder of Yahweh’s mercy in sparing firstborn from “destroyer” in Israelite homes that had not been sprinkled with Passover blood Feast had instructional purposes for Hebrew family (cf. 12:24-27)

  37. The Passover Seen in New Testament as a symbol of Messiah’s sacrificial death as the true Passover Lamb From this, the institution of the Lord’s Supper becomes significant for two reasons: Memorial feast Atoning deliverance of Lamb of God

  38. Major Themes Yahweh The Ten Plagues The Passover The Ten Commandments The Presence of God

  39. The Ten Commandments Decalogue, of “Ten Words”; repeated in Deut. 5:6-21 Written by God himself; spoken directly to all Hebrews—from heaven, not Mt. Sinai 2 are stated positively (4th, “Remember the Sabbath Day…”, and 5th, “Honor your father and mother”) 8 are stated negatively, as prohibitions—strong language to underscore absolute nature of this divine law

  40. The Ten Commandments Ultimately, Decalogue was extension of Yahweh’s grace to Israel shown in exodus Intended to evoke obedient response from Israel; not intended to serve as burdensome duty Purpose: “…that the fear of God will be with you to keep you from sinning” (Ex. 22:20) Express Yahweh’s eternally perfect moral character—constituted life of faith for Israel

  41. The Ten Commandments Jesus summarized covenant stipulations and social importance of Decalogue in two commandments: Love the Lord your God with all your heart, mind, and soul Love your neighbor as yourself Jesus emphasized essence of Old Testament law: justice, mercy, and faith

  42. Major Themes Yahweh The Ten Plagues The Passover The Ten Commandments The Presence of God

  43. The Presence of God Outcome of the covenant agreement between Yahweh and Israel: God’s presence with the Hebrews as they journeyed from Egypt to Mt. Sinai Tabernacle—Tent of Meeting—was a symbol of God’s presence (Ex. 25-40) Place where God’s space, time, and matter mingled with man’s space, time, and matter Partially restored fellowship broken with Fall In NT, the Messiah is the living, breathing tabernacle; he is the “divine presence” in human form

  44. The Book of Exodus

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