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World History

World History. 9/30/12 Chapter 2, Section 2 Egypt. Warm-Up:. 1.) List 3 things you learned about Egypt from the article you read last class. 2.) In Egypt, Kings were known as _________. 3.) The _________ _________ was the “life-force of Egypt.”

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World History

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  1. World History 9/30/12 Chapter 2, Section 2 Egypt

  2. Warm-Up: • 1.) List 3 things you learned about Egypt from the article you read last class. • 2.) In Egypt, Kings were known as _________. • 3.) The _________ _________ was the “life-force of Egypt.” • 4.) Egypt used to be divided in two areas, _______ ________ and _______ ________.

  3. Warm-Up: • 1.) List 3 things you learned about Egypt from the article you read last class. • 2.) In Egypt, Kings were known as Pharaohs. • 3.) The Nile River was the “life-force of Egypt.” • 4.) Egypt used to be divided in two areas, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt.

  4. Egyptian Timeline • Old Kingdom (2700 BCE - 2150 BCE) • Hieroglyphics and religion develop in Egypt • pyramids built • Middle Kingdom (2040 BCE – 1786 BCE) • extension of Egyptian control into Nubia • New Kingdom (1570 BCE – 1075 BCE) • militaristic - Hebrews enslaved • mummification perfected

  5. Major Time Periods of Egypt • The Old Kingdom When the pharaohs built the pyramids • The Middle Kingdom When training and military explorers were sent out to expand Egypt’s boundaries • The New Kingdom Ending with Queen Cleopatra losing her land to Augustus Caesar and Rome

  6. Ancient Egypt: Why so stable? • Ancient Egypt lasted for 3500 years due to factors in: • Geography • Politics • Social structure • Education • Economy • Religion = Stability was goal and change slow and cautious

  7. Highlights of Ancient Egyptian History • UNIFICATION OF EGYPT: King Menes unites Upper and Lower Egypt and wears double crown in 3100 BCE. Following Menes came 31 dynasties over 3000 years.

  8. AGE OF PYRAMIDS: Era of the Old Kingdom (2690 BCE), Pharaohs were absolute rulers and viewed as a god holding absolute secular and religious power. Stone monuments were embodiment of Pharaoh's power and a medium of immortality. Pyramids evolved from mastabas, then Step Pyramids, most known are Pyramids at Giza (2600-2500 BCE)

  9. Highlights of Ancient Egyptian History • NATIONAL GOD “AMON-RE”: Middle Kingdom: Under Theban Kings (south), the Theban god “Amon” merged with sun god “Re” which became Egyptian national god “Amon-Re” • EXODUS: under the leadership of Moses, Hebrew slaves under Rames II leave Egypt in mass migration called Exodus (end of 13th century BCE).

  10. Pharaohs • 1470 BCE – Reign of Hatshepsut(one of four female Kings) • 1350 BCE – Reign of Akhenaton (Wanted to change religious beliefs to monotheism) • 1334 BCE – Reign of Tutankhamun(Religious revolution is reversed) • 1297 BCE - Reign of Ramses II. He had over 200 wives and concubines, approximately 90 sons and 60 daughters and reigned over 67 years! His reign saw massive building projects in Egypt. The Exodus of Jews from Egypt also occurred during his reign.

  11. Pharaohs • 525 BCE – Persians conquer Egypt • 332 BCE – Alexander the Great defeats the Persians and considered savior of Egypt • 50 BCE – Cleopatra VII is crowned Queen of Egypt • 30 BCE – Egypt becomes part of Roman Empire after death of Cleopatra VII and Mark Anthony

  12. Geography:

  13. Geography • River dominates Egyptian world/thought • Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis • Permits some trade • Defense from invasion • Contributes to feeling of safety • preserves artifacts

  14. The Nile • yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion • Predictable • Irrigation systems • Encourages • Trade • Communication • Political unity

  15. Geography: Populated Areas There were three main areas that were populated in Egypt: 1. The Nile Valley • sole source of water for Egypt • Predictable flooding provided rich fertile soil • Both revered and feared (too much flooding or droughts) • The Nile Delta • Area were Nile empties into Mediterranean Sea • Largest piece of fertile land • Encompassed major centres of Egypt • Faiyum • Lake Moeris lies at end of branch of Nile and is center of oasis called Faiyum • Irrigation from Nile made Faiyum the third most populated land

  16. Geographic Effects on Egypt’s stability and history • Fertile soil • deserts provided protection and shelter from outside influences • Access to Mediterranean increased and expanded trade and culture • culture was one of stability and not rapid change • Deserts were an important source of minerals and building supplies (copper, tin, gold and natron, the drying agent used in mummification)

  17. Religion

  18. The Nile • Impact on religion • divided life - living and dying. • East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples • West (sunset) is land of the dead - tombs

  19. Religion • Omnipresence of religion • Polytheistic • interaction with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun • over 2000 gods • Pharaoh as living god • Afterlife • Evolution of who has an afterlife • Old vs. New Kingdom

  20. Osiris • God of the Dead - “rebirth” - and the weighing of the heart • Evolution of Egyptian mythology • known as a ruler in the Nile delta - • a local god • regional god.

  21. Horus • Horus, god of balance and harmony • maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil.

  22. ATUM NUT Gods and Goddesses Creation Story GEB NUT TEFNUT MA’AT HORUS SHU ANUBIS ISIS Website: Gods and Goddesses ATUM

  23. Religion: How did it contribute to stability? Atum • The Egyptians were deeply religious people • religious roots were in the worship of nature deities – their first gods were in animal forms • Those responsible for creation were the most important gods (Atum is the creator God) • They later developed national gods around the Middle Kingdom (Amon- local god of Thebes; gods of Dead: Osiris, Anubis, Horus and Thoth) • Religion was instrumental to stability of Egypt (life, social structure, education, laws, rule of Pharaoh, economy, death, afterlife)

  24. Government:

  25. Politics • How did Pharaohs rule? • absolute rulers of the land • believed to be the earthly embodiment of the god Horus who was the son of Amon-Re • Therefore they had the divine right to rule • This allowed them to move between god and their people • People followed their orders because they believed they were from god • No one would challenge the King’s authority and he could rule in relative peace

  26. Politics • The throne passed on to eldest son of Principal Queen who was usual the eldest daughter of the previous king therefore the king’s sister • Pharaohs owned all the land – they had a hierarchy of government officials to help him rule • Second to the Pharaohs were the scribes who would record the doings of the Pharaoh

  27. What were the legal traditions? • Law was governed by religious principle of Ma’at • GODDESS MA’AT represented truth, righteousness and justice= balance and order • Laws were applied equally to all classes specifically protected the family (children and wives)

  28. What were the legal traditions? • Punishments could be quite severe- act as a deterrent or disgrace the guilty • Examples: • minor crimes had 100 lashes; • rapist were castrated; • corrupt officials had their hands amputated; • crimes that resulted in a death sentence could have choice= • devoured by a crocodile, • suicide, • burning alive

  29. Pyramids:

  30. Early Pyramids Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats

  31. Why build Pyramids? • Belief in the afterlife demanded: • Bodies be interred whole • Material goods for use in afterlife be present • The need to protect the bodies demands good burial tombs • First were mastabas • Then pyramids • Then later… hidden tombs

  32. Mastaba

  33. Great Pyramid • Tomb for Khufu • an almost perfect square (deviation .05%) • Orientation is exactly North, South, East West • 2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high • 20 years to build • Average block weighs 2.5 tons • Some weigh 9 tons!

  34. Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu Queen Pyramids in front

  35. Daily Life:

  36. Daily Life of Workers • The poor worked long hours for goods that they could exchange in the marketplace for the products they needed. • Agriculture was a major trade and many workers were farmers. • Boys learned a trade from their fathers, and girls were taught to care for the home and family by their mothers. • Women and girls wore straight, sheath-like dresses of rough, unbleached linen. • Men and boys wore short cloth kilts. • Their homes were usually one-story made out of sun-dried brick. There would be a basement and four rooms. They had little furniture. Stairs led to the flat rooftop so that the family could enjoy the cool night air after the sun went down.

  37. Daily life of the Wealthy • Men were busy all day as merchants, trading along the Nile River. Others supervised the daily workings of gigantic farms. • Many of the wealthiest and most powerful men in Egypt were priests. • Boys were taught to read and write. • Women could own land, run businesses, testify in court, and bring charges against men. • Women oversaw the running of the households and gave the servants instructions for daily menus and child care. • Children were allowed much playtime. Girls practiced singing and dancing. Boys wrestled and played army. • Women and girls wore straight dresses of beautiful lined and a lot of jewelry. At parties, they wore cones of incense on their heads that melted slowly giving off a pleasant smell. • Men and boys wore linen kilts • Both men and women wore eye make-up made from black ashes. • Their homes were brick and wood containing many rooms, as well as walled garden and a shrine for a favorite god.

  38. Compare & Contrast Chart: Rich vs. Poor in Ancient Egypt

  39. Social Roles Role of Women • Well treated and had considerable legal rightscompared to other civilizations • Same legal rights as men (land, property, divorce) • Left women to be economically independent • Primary role was in domestic life • Common title for a married women in ancient Egypt was “nebet per” meaning “the lady of the house” • Bear and raise children Role of Men • Head of the family • Men could have numerous wives but economically men had only 1 wife • Labourers, craftsmen • Jobs were hereditary Jobs • Labour required for construction projects and was mostly filled by poor, serfs • Stability of Egypt thrived as skilled trades were passed from father to son • Children always learned the trade from parents; seldom could choose occupation

  40. What determined Egypt’s economic prosperity? Economy • Simple economy based on food production and minerals from desert • access to the Mediterranean their routes extended trade as far as Northern Europe, subtropical Africa and the Near East • Trading was done by bartering goods (grain, oil, wheat) • Taxes, salaries and loans were all paid entirely on goods • extensive trading made Egypt a powerful influence on culture, art, ideas and technology (ie. Western calendar was taken from the Romans who had borrowed it from the Egyptians) • Trade eventually grew and expanded, bringing new ideas and goods into Egyptian society

  41. Education • Contributed to stability and continuity of Egypt • All children, regardless of social class, received some education • Followed a moral and ethical guide “Instructions in Wisdom” • Goal for education was to ensure youth exhibited self control and good manners • At 14, young boys followed fathers in jobs, and girls learned from mothers in the household • Children of priests were schooled more formally • Literacy was stressed for government jobs • Education respected for creating a well rounded individual

  42. Afterlife:

  43. Life and Death • Life and death was measured in accordance to Ma’at: the goddess and symbol of equilibrium of the universe and the king had to rule according to her principles Death viewed as a new beginning • Afterlife common to all, regardless of social status (preparation varied as well as goods stored in tombs) • 2 Common Principles: 1) body preservation in a lifelike form2) the deceased must have items necessary for life in the afterworld • Personal belongings were usually placed in the tomb to make the Ka more at home and to assist the dead in their journey into the afterlife. • Text was read from the 'Book of the Dead' which was a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for the use of the deceased in the afterlife. MA’AT-symbol of the equilibrium of the universe

  44. This scene depicts what occurs after a person has died, according to the ancient Egyptians. • panel of 14 judges • Ka (soul /spiritual duplicate), ba (personality) ankh (form mummy took in afterlife / the key of life) • Weighing of the heart vsMa’at • Judgment of scale • record of the outcome

  45. Mummification • Mummification focused on Egyptian belief of the importance of preserving the body • Afterlife would be spent enjoying best of life experiences • Middle Kingdom became customary to place a mask over the face • Removal of organs (lungs, stomach, intestines, liver) in Canopic Jars were closed with stoppers fashioned in the shape of four heads -- human, baboon, falcon, and jackal - representing the four protective spirits called the Four Sons of Horus. • brain was sucked out of the cranial cavity and thrown away because the Egyptian's thought it was useless.

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