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Vertebrates

Vertebrates. Different classes of vertebrates, which include jawless fishes (e.g., lampreys), cartilaginous fishes (e.g., sharks), bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. A vertebrate is an animal with a strong, flexible backbone . You are an example of a vertebrate.

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Vertebrates

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  1. Vertebrates

  2. Different classes of vertebrates, which include jawless fishes (e.g., lampreys), cartilaginous fishes (e.g., sharks), bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

  3. A vertebrate is an animal with a strong, flexible backbone. • You are an example of a vertebrate. • All vertebrates exhibit bilateral symmetry and a true body cavity with an endoskeleton. • Found in aquatic and terrestrial environments.

  4. Endothermy Lungs Strong Limbs adaptations in Vertebrates for life on land Skin Muscles Eggs

  5. Phylum Chordata 8 Classes

  6. Major Characteristics Dorsal, hollow nerve cord -Spinal cord -Nerves branch off and connect to organs & muscles Notochord -Supporting rod that lies just below the nerve cord Pharyngeal pouches - Tail that extends beyond the anus - at some point in their lives

  7. Endoskeleton: • Support • Attachment for muscles • Grows with the animal

  8. Fish • Major Characteristics: • Lateral Line System • Row of sensitive cells that can detect very small amounts of motion in the water. • Closed circulatory system with a heart • Well developed nervous system and brain • Exchange gases using gills- diffusion • Herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, and Detritivores. • Movement- contracting muscles on either side of the backbone

  9. Class Agnatha

  10. Skeleton made of fibers and cartilage Jawless Fish Class Myxini Hagfish Lack eyes- detect light through sensors on their body Feed on dead and dying fish

  11. Class Cephalaspidomorphi(Agnatha) • Lampreys • Usually parasites • Have funnel-like mouths lined with sharp teeth. • In center of mouth is tongue with a tooth like projection. • Attaches to other fish by suction. It tears a hole in the fish and injects a chemical that keeps the blood from clotting. Sucks blood and fluids from its host.

  12. Class Chondrichthyes

  13. Cartilage fish • Sharks and Rays • Complete vertebral column, movable jaws, and skeleton with paired fins. • All of these structures are made up of cartilage • Whale shark can grow up to 49.5 ft weighing 39,600 pounds.

  14. Water enters the mouth and water passes over the gills where the gases are exchanged. Sharp sense of smell. Clip Also have lateral line system. Internal fertilization

  15. Class Osteichthyes

  16. Bony fish • Skeleton made of bone • Marine and freshwater • Swim Bladder: thin sac that acts as a float. (Filled with oxygen and other gasses) Can be adjusted so that the fish can move to different levels. • Gills for gas exchange • Two chambered heart

  17. Clip Lateral line system and a keen sense of smell. External fertilization

  18. mudskippers Clip

  19. Class Amphibia

  20. Clip “Double Life” • Major Characteristics: • Lives in water as a larvae and on land as an adult • Moist skin • Breathes with lungs as an adult • Lacks scales and claws • Must return to water to reproduce. • Age of amphibians: 360-286 mya

  21. Success on Land: Lungs, stronger bones in limbs to help support weight out of water, breastbone to protect internal organs. Frog &Toads Salamanders, newts, frogs, and toads First vertebrates to adapt to life on land Young can only live in water Undergo metamorphosis and can live on land tadpole stage can regenerate lost parts

  22. Smooth skin, no scales, feet are webbed, toes are soft and lack claws • Respiration through gills, lungs and/or skin • no external ears: have eardrums or tympanic membranes

  23. Eggs usually laid in water and fertilized externally

  24. Ecology • Food for other animals • Some can produce poison - defense Blue Poison Frog

  25. Turtles, crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes Class Reptilia

  26. Major Characteristics: • Dry, scaly skin • Helps prevent water loss • With scales or plates • Lungs • Able to breath air Clip

  27. Lay eggs with several membranes • Oviparous: animals that lay eggs • One of the most important • adaptations for life on land. • Does not need water for • reproduction

  28. Development of amniotic egg: egg covered w/a shell that protects the developing embryo from drying out

  29. Limbs, if present, having toes with claws used for climbing, digging, and moving around on land. • Strong limbs • Internal fertilization

  30. Body temperature that varies with that of the surroundings. • Cannot generate their own body heat Ectotherm: animals with a body temperature that is influenced by the environment

  31. Class Aves

  32. Strong Chests muscles • Only group adapted to life in the air. • Body covered with feathers • Modified scales • Made of protein and develop in pit in the birds’ skin. • Two types: Contour (Lift) & Down (Warmth) • Help birds fly and keep warm • Attract mate • In some species-waterproof

  33. Endotherms: A constant warm temp. generated internally by a high metabolic rate.

  34. Two legs covered with scales Modified for specific use- perching, walking, etc. Front limbs modified into wings.

  35. Molting: birds sheds their feathers at least once a year (gradual) • Thin hollow bones

  36. -Toothless beak • Birds have many different types of feet and beaks. Modified for the life style of the bird.

  37. Reproduction: Internal fertilization Amniotic egg- harder shells than reptiles

  38. Digestion: Crop: Storage Gizzard: Can contain small stones, help with the mechanical breakdown of food

  39. Cassowary Rheas Emus There are many species of flightless birds: ostrich, penguins

  40. Ecology • Pollination • Seed dispersal • Control insect populations • Indicator of environmental health • Rachel Carson‘s book Silent Spring -pesticides in the food chain Clip

  41. Humans, Manatees, Elephants, Kangaroos, Apes, Tigers, Dogs Class Mammalia

  42. Major Characteristics • Body covered with hair • Young nourished in the uterus • Young nourished w/milk from mammary glands • lung-breathing throughout lifetime • diaphram • Have four chambered heart • endothermic: maintain constant body temperature • Subcutaneous Fat under skin to conserve heat • Sweat glands to cool body

  43. Feeding: Carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores. Evolution of a strong more powerful jaw enabled mammals to eat food other than insects.

  44. Reproduction: • Internal fertilization • Placental mammals: Live birth • Monotremes:Egg-laying mammals: platypus • Marsupials:Pouched mammals: Kangaroo, • opossum • Young depends on mother after birth Clip

  45. Behavior • An animal’s response to a stimulus. • Innate behaviors are instinctive, like birds defending their nesting place, and are influenced by genes. • Learned behaviors are changed by various experiences, such as training a family pet to come when its name is called. • Social behaviors are interactions between members of the same species and include mating and caring for offspring. • In territorial behaviors, organisms defend an area and keep out other organisms. Clip

  46. Which is NOT an adaptation of both reptiles and birds? Aterrestrial eggs B strong muscles C efficient lungs Dmoist skin

  47. Which of these organisms exhibit bilateral symmetry? A a lobster B a sponge C a starfish D a sand dollar

  48. Which phrase BEST describes the bones found in birds? A composed of keratin B thick and solid C composed of cellulose D thin and hollow

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