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From Chapter 7…. Religious Conflicts Become Political Conflicts Which leads to Changes in Government. Chapter 10 - Do Now. Write The Age of Enlightenment at the top of your notebook page Find a definition for Enlightenment on page 300
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From Chapter 7… Religious Conflicts Become Political Conflicts Which leads to Changes in Government
Chapter 10 - Do Now Write The Age of Enlightenment at the top of your notebook page Find a definition for Enlightenment on page 300 Enlightenment – philosophical movement of the 18th century (1700s) dedicated to reason Then, Look on page 298 – What quote regarding reason is Rene Descartes well-known for? “I think, therefore I am.”
Why do we care what these guys were thinking about and writing about way back then? A little place called the UnitedStates starts with things like We the People… unalienable rights… and life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…
During this time, a new era of thought and human progress - Enlightenment is sparked… • By the Scientific Revolution – it fosters a new way of looking at the world • Copernicus and Kepler – The Sun IS the center of our system…heliocentric≈ 1550 • Galileo – telescope – reiterates heliocentric belief… sees never before seen details on the Moon, Jupiter’s moons ≈ 1610 • Newton – Defines law of gravity that explains the structure ≈ 1640 • Bacon – Scientific Method – observe – predict – test – prove • Does science change the way we view the world today?
Why do they give kings the power? People give the power to the kings for stability Enlightened thinkers begin to take a closer look at this concept of being ruled….
Enlightenment Philosophes • Philosophe – intellectual thinker in the age of Enlightenment • They apply reason outside of science… • Reason – application of scientific method to an understanding of all life • Thomas Hobbes – Absolutist – England • John Locke – Natural Rights – England • Baron de Montesquieu – Three Branches of Government – France • Jean Jacques Rousseau – Social Contract of the People – France • Voltaire – Religious Tolerance ~ Deism – France
Thomas Hobbes – The Leviathan 1651 • Hobbes’ book on political thought • Leviathan definition- sea monster; enormous thing For Hobbes, the‘thing’ was The State (Government)
Absolutism; Rulers must have power over the people Men need government rule to keep peace Rebellion must be suppressed Humans are animals naturally Hobbes Believes in… • Hobbes is a product of his surroundings (civil unrest) • His contribution: Begins Enlightenment era works of political thought
John Locke – two treatises of gov’t1690 • Locke’s work had two focuses (treatises; main ideas). • One – divine right of kings was foolish. • Two – identifies the real purpose of government…
Government’s role is to protect rights Men seek peace naturally Humans have natural rights Government should be fair or fail His ideas are used in the U.S. Constitution Locke believes…
4 Men who will inspire a young nation… John Locke – England What’s his core belief? • Natural Rights– Life, liberty, and property Who does Locke believe Should Rule? • Landowners. The Upper Class.
Baron de Montesquieu - France What are his core beliefs? • Three Branches of Government • Separation of Powers – a government system of checks and balances separating the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches • No one group has too much power. Who does he believe should have the power? • These 3 branches of government
Jean Jacques Rousseau – France What are his core beliefs? • Man enters into a “social contract” and gives up his freedoms Who does he believe should have the power? • We the People • He believes in democracy – the people should have the power
Voltaire – France Core Beliefs: Believes in Religious Tolerance Deism – God sets the universe in motion and then lets it be Writes endless pamphlets, essays on this idea Newtonian World Machine
The BIG Idea The nations of Europe were guided by the self-interest of the rulers, who tried to govern based on Enlightenment ideals. Chapter 10 Section 3 The Impact of the Enlightenment
Enlightened Absolutism Rulers attempting to govern by Enlightenment principles More theory than practice – this idea doesn’t take
War of Austrian Succession leads toThe Seven Years’ War aka The French and Indian War Land dispute – Prussia takes land from Austria France sides with Austria GB sides with Prussia War takes place in Europe, India, and North America Ends with 1763 Treaty of Paris – GB becomes world’s largest colonial power
Do Now How does the War of Austrian Succession lead to the American Revolution? (create a flow chart or make a timeline of at least 4 events)
Central Europe was dominated by three countries – Prussia, Russia, & Austria. Each was ruled by a monarch who studied Enlightenment philosophy but maintained total control over their subjects.
The War of Austrian Succession became a global war & was fought in Europe, North America, & India. Neither side could gain advantage. • 1748 – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war. All territory went back to the original owners, except for Silesia which was kept by Prussia.
Maria Theresa wanted to regain Silesia & punish Frederick of Prussia. She convinced France & Russia to ally w/ her against Frederick. England chose to ally w/ Prussia to maintain the balance of power. This shift in alliances is known as the Diplomatic Revolution.
1740’s – England & France both wanted control of the Ohio River Valley in North America. France began building forts along the Ohio River to block English settlement.
The British built Fort Pitt to counter French expansion, but French troops seized it & renamed it Ft. Duquesne. • 1754 - George Washington was ordered to retake the fort. He was defeated & France kept control of the Ohio River valley.
1756 – Fighting spread to Europe & came to be known as the Seven Years War. The British were busy defending their colonies in India & America, which left Prussia to fight alone in Europe against France, Russia, & Austria.
By 1763 both sides were exhausted & the war ended. • The Treaty of Paris of 1763 allowed Prussia to keep Silesia. France lost all colonies in India & America to England & Spain, & only had Austria as an ally in Europe.
The BIG Idea The American Revolution and the formation of the United States of America put many Enlightenment ideals into practice. Chapter 10 Section 4 The American Revolution
England demanded more taxes from American colonies to pay for the French & Indian War as well as for protection from Native Americans. • 1765 – The Stamp Act placed a tax on most printed items. Americans violently opposed the tax & it was repealed in 1766, but problems remained.
1774 – 1st Continental Congress formed & urged the colonies to fight English taxation. Colonists formed militia to protect themselves from British troops. • 1775 – The American Revolution began w/ the Battle of Lexington & Concord.
The 2nd Continental Congress formed an army under George Washington. • 1776 – Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, which Congress approved. It stated the American colonies were now a free nation called the United States of America. Includes Locke’s ideas about natural rights…
The U.S. was supported by France, which provided money, ships, & troops. • 1781 – Cornwallis was defeated at the Battle of Yorktown & England ended the war.
1783 – The Treaty of Paris of 1783 recognized American independence.
1787 – The U.S.Constitution established a government based on Montesquieu’s ideas of separation of powers. Three branches (legislative, executive, & judicial) share governmental power. • The 1st ten amendments to the Constitution are called the Bill of Rights & guarantee individual freedoms like speech & religion.
