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Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware. Focus Items. Design systems that meet business needs Hardware industry trends Problems Legacy hardware (and software) Dealing with growth Improving fault tolerance. Terms (Speed). Microsecond - 1/1000 second Millisecond – 1/1,000,000 second

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Computer Hardware

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  1. Computer Hardware

  2. Focus Items • Design systems that meet business needs • Hardware industry trends • Problems • Legacy hardware (and software) • Dealing with growth • Improving fault tolerance

  3. Terms (Speed) • Microsecond - 1/1000 second • Millisecond – 1/1,000,000 second • Nanosecond – 1/1,000,000,000 second • Picosecond – 1/1,000,000,000,000 second • Teraflop – Trillion (1,000,000,000,000) floating point operations per second

  4. Terms (Storage) • 1,000 bytes – Kilobyte • 1,000,000 bytes – Megabyte • 1,000,000,000 bytes – Gigabyte • 1,000,000,000,000 bytes – Terabtye • 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes = Petabyte

  5. Terms (CPU) (1) • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Many machines have multiple CPUs • Servers scale from 1-256 processors • Many CPUs are designed to support virtualization • Processor speed • Measured in GHz. • A measure of the internal clock

  6. Terms (CPU) (Illustration)

  7. Terms (CPU) (2) • Most machines have multiple cores • A “core” is a separate work engine within the cpu

  8. Terms (Cache) (Memory) • CACHE – Memory directly connected to the CPU • Fast • Memory (Primary storage) • Volatile storage to store data • Not all memory is the same • Some provides error correction • Performance differences • Density

  9. Terms (Bus) • Bus • Communicates from CPU to memory, disk, network controllers, etc. • Bus speed is an important consideration

  10. Terms (Disk) • Disk (Secondary storage) • Hard • ATA, SATA, SCSI, • Optical • CD / DVD / Blu Ray • Backup tape devices http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive

  11. Categories of Computers (lightweight devices) • “Lightweight devices” • Network computers • Special purpose transaction terminals • UPS / FedEx • Browser-only devices (kiosks)

  12. Categories of Computers (Information Appliances) • Information appliances • Smart phone • Tablets of all shapes and sizes

  13. Categories of Computers (Desktop) • Market is shrinking because of tablet / phone horsepower • These are the engineering workstations of yesterday

  14. Categories of Computers (Servers) • Oracle Sun / HP / IBM / Dell provide the lion’s share of todays servers • Characterized by • Multiple CPUs with multiple cores

  15. Large Server (Example) • SPARK Enterprise M9000 • 64 processors / 4 cores per processor • 4TB memory • Storage measure in the pedabytes (NAS) • IBM Power 795 • Up to 256 processor cores book “book” and up to 8 books • 16 TB memory • All for about $1 million

  16. Larger Server (Illustration)

  17. Categories of Computers (Blade) • A computer within a computer • We buy a “blade chassis” containing • Power supplies / cooling / external media • We buy blade computers that go into the chassis • Blades: • Reduce power consumption and maintenance costs

  18. Blade (Illustration)

  19. Categories of Computers (Mainframe) • These are really just the IBM Z series and a few special purpose devices

  20. Categories of Computers (Distributed Computing) • (Distributed computing) • It’s really the software and not the hardware • We just cluster multiple computers together • Special purpose back ends • TeraData database servers • Storage Tek disk and tape sub systems • Storage Area Networks (SAN)

  21. Video Technologies • LCD flat panels are have made tube technology obsolete • Reduced power consumption • Refresh rate is an important consideration • Multiple monitor systems improve productivity • Improved glass substrate technology has allows LCDs to get larger and larger

  22. Secondary Storage (Memory) • CPUs read and write data from primary storage (memory) • Memory keeps getting faster, cheaper, and bigger • Cost is as low as $9.50 per GB • At one time it was $10,000 or more per MB • Types • RAM (There are many types of RAM) • ROM

  23. Secondary Storage (Disk) • Trends • They are cheap commodity items • < $100.00 per terabyte • Rated in mean time between failure (MTBF) • 100,000 to 1.5M hours is common • Multiple disks are connected to form disk subsystems

  24. RAID • Redundant disk arrays supply fault tolerance • There are different types of RAID • Level 1 uses separate disks (mirroring) • Level 2 uses striping • There are others • Example • HP 3PAR StoreServ 10000 storage • Fault tolerant • Up to 2.2 PB of storage

  25. Secondary Storage (Magnetic Tape) • It’s still used for large archive sites • Phone records, credit card records, and other historical data • Tapes are enclosed in tape robotic sub systems • We can store up to 75-100 PB • HP StoreEver ESL G3 • Up to 12,006 tape cartridges

  26. Disk Storage Servers • Dell PowerVaults have up to 150 3TB drives • UP to the big EMC storage devices (3PB) • https://store.emc.com/Solve-For/STORAGE-PRODUCTS/VNX7500/p/VNX-7500-STOR-001-1Q13-0025

  27. Secondary Storage (SAN) • We are really just making data available to many clients • Evolution • Network Access Storage (NAS) put storage on the network instead of a server • Storage Area Network (SAN) puts storage on it’s on it’s own ‘very fast’ network • 2GB/Sec interconnect using Fibre channel

  28. Printer Technology • Desktop laser printers offer low TCO • High speed production printers • These compete against traditional offset presses • Continuous roll input • Up to 2500 pages per minute • www.delphax.com

  29. Printer Technology (2) • Kodak example system: • About 75ft long and 15ft tall Will print both sides at 2 up(2 different documents side by side) • Ink jet printer - 12 print heads  -- 8 nine inch heads and 4 four inch heads. • Running at 1000ft per minute • Ink feeds from 275gal tanks

  30. Printer Technology (3)

  31. Printer Technology (4)

  32. RFID Technology • These are tiny chips send or receive radio signals • They are becoming an alternative to bar codes • Uses • It’s been proposed to put them in Euros • Casinos are using them in high denomination chips • Wynn

  33. Balance in Systems • The issue in configuring large systems is balance • Choosing the right system for the job • Disk (IO) is often the bottleneck • Bus Speed • Memory shortfalls • Network bandwith

  34. Scalability in Systems • Systems must be able to grow with a business • Expansion of an existing system by adding memory, disk or other components • Expansion by adding additional servers to a cluster or server farm

  35. Server Farms • Many servers interconnected together

  36. Server Farms (Load Balancing) • Load balancing servers • Dispatch request to the actual servers • Monitor the health of the servers • Monitor the load on the various servers

  37. Titan • Oak Ridge National Labs houses the “fastest” computer in the world

  38. Titan • 27,000 trillion calculations / second (27 petaflops) • 299,008 CPU cores • 18,688 AMD Opteron • 18,688 K20x GPUs • 710TB of memory • Cost of 97 million

  39. Fault Tolerance in Systems • One server in a farm can fail leaving the others running • Fault tolerant servers have multiple CPUs • Failed memory will not cause a system to fail • RAID allows disk failures without causing system failures

  40. Economic Decisions • Single vendor solutions vs. multivendor solutions • Lease VS. buy decisions

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