BAB 8

1. BAB 8 TOOLS MANAJEMEN PENGETAHUAN

2. INTRODUCTION Technology is used to facilitate primarily communication, collaboration, and content management for better knowledge capture, sharing, dissemination, and application. IT : enabler or supporting system in knowledge management

4. INTRODUCTION Many dimensions are involved in describing knowledge management tools. Ruggles (1997) provides a classification of KM technologies as tools that 1. Enhance and enable knowledge generation, codification, and transfer. 2. Generate knowledge (e.g., data mining that discovers new patterns in data). 3. Code knowledge to make knowledge available for others. 4. Transfer knowledge to decrease problems with time and space when communicating in an organization.

5. INTRODUCTION Rollet (2003) classifies KM technologies according to the following scheme: 1. Communication 2. Collaboration 3. Content creation 4. Content management 5. Adaptation 6. E-learning 7. Personal tools 8. Artificial intelligence 9. Networking

7. Knowledge Management Tools • There are commercial tools that are announced as Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) but they don’t cover all the aspects of KM specially regarding implicit knowledge. • The objective of this session is to explain the alternatives/extensions to this commercial tools using Open Source that combined can create a powerful taylor-made KMS

9. Explicit Knowledge • Explicit knowledge is knowledge that has been or can be articulated, codified, and stored in certain media. The most common forms of explicit knowledge are manuals, documents, procedures, and stories. Knowledge also can be audio-visual. Works of art and product design can be seen as other forms of explicit knowledge where human skills, motives and knowledge are externalized

10. Implicit Knowledge • The knowledge that people carry in their heads. Compared with explicit knowledge, implicit knowledge is more difficult to articulate or write down and so it tends to be shared between people through discussion, stories and personal interactions. It includes skills, experiences, insight, intuition and judgement. • There are authors that make a difference between Implicit Knowledge (a knowledge that through indirect mechanisms should be made explicit) and Tacit Knowledge (the one that resides in the head of the humans and that cannot be made explicit in anyway). • Example of Tacit Knowledge. A expertise in a machine is able to locate a problem faster that a junior one even if they use the same procedures (if they have at their disposal the same explicit knowledge)

11. Integration Methods • Web Services • SyndicationSystems (RSS/Atom) • Metadata Exchange Protocols • Plug-ins • HTTP Posting • Coding, coding, coding... (standardorproprietaryLanguages)

13. Explicit Knowledge (Social Bookmarking) • del.icio.us (http://del.icio.us); NO OPENSOURE • A non-hierarchicalkeywordcategorizationsystem (users can tagtheirbookmarkswith a number of freelychosenkeywordscreatingfolksonomies). • Integration: • Syndication (ex: "http://del.icio.us/tag/wiki" returnsall of themostrecent links tagged "wiki“ in RSS format). • Open SourceAPIimplementationsavailable in severallanguages (Java, Phyton, PHP...) • Open sourcepluginstoaccessby browsers or desktop applications • del.irio.us (http://de.lirio.us) • An open source social bookmarking clone of del.icio.us. Nowpart of Simpy, a popular, and long-running, social bookmarkingwebsite. • DEMO: LIST of BookmarksforTencompetence:http://de.lirio.us/tags/TenCompetence (Loginws; Passwordws)

14. Explicit Knowledge (CMS) 1/2 • A CMS (Content Management System) facilitatestheorganization, control, and publication of a largebody of documents and othercontent, such as images and multimediaresources. • Integration: RSS/Atomin most cases • Open Source CMS: • Drupalhttp://drupal.org/ • Demo http://demo.opensourcecms.com/e107/e107_admin/admin.php • User: admin; Password: demo

15. Explicit Knowledge (CMS) 2/2 • Alfresco (http://dev.alfresco.com): an Open Source ECM (Enterprise Content Management). It uses Java: Spring, Hibernate, Lucene and JSF • Knowledgetree (http://www.ktdms.com/): a powerfuldocumentmanagementsystemmade in Java and PHP • Exponenthttp://www.exponentcms.org/ • Typo3 http://typo3.com • Joomlahttp://www.joomla.org/ • Nucleushttp://www.nucleuscms.org/ • List of CMS http://www.opensourcescripts.com/dir/Content_management_,040CMS,041/

16. Explicit Knowledge (Blogs) • A blogis a user-generatedwebsitewhereentries are made in journalstyle and displayed in a reverse chronologicalorder. • WordPresshttp://wordpress.org/: • Written in PHP and backedby a MySQLdatabase: • FeededbyeMail, RSS, etc. • Access through: RSS/Atom • bBloghttp://www.bblog.com/ • SupportsATOM 0.3 and RSS 2.0 Syndicationformats • DisplayRSSfeedsonyour blog

17. Explicit Knowledge (Collaborative Tools) 1/3 • Wikis: a website that allows visitors to easily add, remove, edit and change available content, and typically without the need for registration. This ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for mass collaborative authoring. • MediaWiki (http://www.mediawiki.org/) http://www.mediawiki.org/ • Wikipedia http://wikipedia.org/ • WikiQuote http://wikiquote.org/ • WikiBooks http://wikibooks.org/ • List of Wiki Engines http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiEngines

18. Explicit Knowledge (Collaborative Tools) 2/3 • Forum: a facility for holding discussions and posting user generated content. A forum is essentially a website composed of a number of member-written threads that entails a discussion or conversation in the form of a series of member-written posts. • PHBB http://www.phpbb.com/ • A popular internet forum package written in the PHP programming language. • Comparison of Internet Forum Storage http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Internet_forum_software

19. Explicit Knowledge (Collaborative Tools) 3/3 • Collaborative Real-Time Editors: a software application that allows several people to edit a computer file using different computers: • Google Docs (Not OpenSource) http://docs.google.com/ • Gobby http://darcs.0x539.de/trac/obby/cgi-bin/trac.cgi • OpenEffort http://www.openeffort.com/ • List of Real Time Editors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_real-time_editor

20. Explicit Knowledge (Repositories) • A repository is a central place where data is stored and maintained by an organisation • Access to information is possible though several mechanisms as: • Metadata Exchange Protocols (OAI, Z93.50) • Query Languages (SQI) • Web Services • Syndication (RSS/Atom)

21. Explicit Knowledge (Federated Search) 1/3 • Several Repostories can be linked together in a federation making possible to launch searches in all of them (federated searches) • In a federation the repositories must follow certain specifications regarding query language, results format, session management, etc.

22. Explicit Knowledge (Federated Search) 2/3

23. EXAMPLE OF FEDERATED SEARCH • Federated search of images and videos in Flickr and YouTube using vSQL (users queries), SQI (repositories query), LOM (result format)

24. Explicit Knowledge (Federated Search) 3/3 • SQI: Simple Query Interface adopted by ARIADNE among others with the final aim of extending its repositories to create a global Learning Network of learning object repositories: • SILO implements the ARIADNE’s federated search http://ariadne.cs.kuleuven.be/silo2006/NewFederatedQuery.do • SQI Repositories http://ariadne.cs.kuleuven.be/SqiInterop/free/SQIImplementationsRegistry.jsp

25. Explicit Knowledge (Searchers) • Open sourcesearchengines • DataparkSearch • Egothor • Gonzui • Ht://dig • Lucene • mnoGoSearch • Namazu • Nutch • OpenFTS • Swish-e • Wikiasari • Xapian • YaCy • Zettair

26. Explicit Knowledge (P2P Networks) 1/2 • A Peer-To-Peer computer network relies primarily on the computing power and bandwidth of the participants in the network rather than concentrating it in a relatively low number of servers. • P2P networks are typically used for connecting nodes via largely ad hoc connections. Such networks are commonly used for sharing contents but can be also used for transmit realtime data, such as telephony traffic

27. Explicit Knowledge (P2P Networks) 2/2

29. Implicit Knowledge (Virtual Communities) • Virtual communities form "when people carry on public discussions long enough, with sufficient human feeling, to form webs of personal relationships" • A virtual community or online community can be used loosely for a variety of social groups interacting via the Internet. It does not necessarily mean that there is a strong bond among the members • It is supported by a variety set of communication tools as forums, chats or CMS • Interactions within the communities allows organisations to make explicit some implicit knowledge as: • Discover experts as the people that becames a reference in the community • Qualify contents through Rating/Voting processes • Define Ontologies through the tagging of contents by the members of the community (folksonomies)

30. Implicit Knowledge (Tagging/Voting) • Digg http://www.digg.com is a community-based popularity website with an emphasis on technology and science articles. It combines social bookmarking, blogging, and syndication with a form of non-hierarchical, democratic editorial control. News stories and websites are submitted by users, and then promoted to the front page through a user-based ranking system. This differs from the hierarchical editorial system that many other news sites employ. • Meneamehttp://meneame.net • Open Source Clone of Digg http://svn.meneame.net/index.cgi/branches/version2/ • DEMO: http://meneame.net/?category=1

31. Implicit Knowledge (Social Networks) A social network is a social structure made of nodes which are generally individuals or organizations. It indicates the ways in which they are connected through various social familiarities ranging from casual acquaintance to close familial bonds. Social Networks make explicit the implicit relations among the people.

32. Implicit Knowledge (Social Networks) List of social networks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites

33. Implicit Knowledge (Knowledge Map) • Taxonomy: the practice and science of classification. • Folksonomy: An Internet-based information retrieval methodology consisting of collaboratively generated, open-ended labels that categorize content such as Web pages, online photographs, and Web links. A folksonomy is most notably contrasted from a taxonomy in that the authors of the labeling system are often the main users (and sometimes originators) of the content to which the labels are applied. The labels are commonly known as tags and the labeling process is called tagging. • Ontology: It seeks to describe or posit the basic categories and relationships of being or existence to define entities and types of entities within its framework. • KNOWLEDGE MAP:Taxonomy where the knowledge of a certain community are clasiffied .

34. Implicit Knowledge (LSA/LSI) • LSA is an algorithm that makes automatic the process of creating ontologies from specific contents to, for example, allow them to be classified in a taxonomy (or in the knowledge map of an organisation). • Latent Semantic Analysishttp://lsa.colorado.edu/ : LSA uses a term-document matrix which describes the occurrences of terms in documents. Your original matrix gives the relationship between terms and documents. Latent semantic analysis transforms this into a relationship between the terms and concepts, and a relation between the documents and the same concepts. The terms and documents are now indirectly related through the concepts. • The Semantic Indexing Project http://knowledgesearch.org/ • Open source program for latent semantic indexing

35. Implicit Knowledge (Best Practices) • Best Practice is a management idea which asserts that there is a technique, method, process, activity, incentive or reward that is more effective at delivering a particular outcome than any other technique, method, process, etc. The idea is that with proper processes, checks, and testing, a project can be rolled out and completed with fewer problems and unforeseen complications.

37. COMMUNICATION TOOLS • Asynchronous • eMail • Annotation (Warichu) http://www.warichu.com/ • Warichu (formerly diginote.info) is a communication tool that sits on top of the web and allows everyone to discuss the webs content. • Open API • Extensions for IE and Firefox • Synchronous • Instant Messaging • Jabber (XMPP) Jabber is an open system primarily built to provide instant messaging service and presence information (aka buddy lists). The protocol is built to be extensible and other features such as Voice over IP and file transfers have been added. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients • AudioConference • Asterisk http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterisk_PBX • OpenWengo http://dev.openwengo.com/trac/openwengo/trac.cgi/ • Chat • IRC http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_clients • VideoConference • Egika/GnomeMeeting http://www.ekiga.org/

38. Knowledge Management Suites • Egroupwarewww.egroupware.org • Demo for Winter Schoolhttp://192.168.2.144/egroupware • User: ws; Password: ws; • Moodlewww.moodle.org

39. eGroupware • eGroupWare (www.egroupware.org) is a free enterprise ready groupware software for your network. It enables you to manage contacts, appointments, todos and many more for your whole business. eGroupWare is a groupware server. It comes with a native web-interface which allowes to access your data from any platform all over the planet. Moreover you also have the choice to access the eGroupWare server with your favorite groupware client (Kontact, Evolution, Outlook) and also with your mobile or PDA via SyncML. eGroupWare is international. At the time, it supports more than 25 languages including rtl support. eGroupWare is platform independent. The server runs on Linux, Mac, Windows and many more other operating systems. On the client side, all you need is a internetbrowser such as Firefox, Konqueror, Internet Explorer and many more. • http://demo.egroupware.org/currentversion/login.php

40. MOODLE Moodle (www.moodle.org) is a free software/open source e-learning platform (also known as a Course Management System (CMS) or Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). Moodle is designed to help educators create online courses with opportunities for rich interaction. Its open source license and modular design means that many people can develop additional functionality, and development is undertaken by a globally diffuse network of commercial and non-commercial users.