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Relationships Between Parental Psychological Control, Rejection Sensitivity and Prosocial/Aggressive Behaviors in Younge

Relationships Between Parental Psychological Control, Rejection Sensitivity and Prosocial/Aggressive Behaviors in Younger Adolescents. Yasemin Abayhan, Deniz Sahin, Orhan Aydın, Gonca Ciffiliz, Hayal Yavuz, Savas Ceylan, Alp Giray Kaya. Literature Review.

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Relationships Between Parental Psychological Control, Rejection Sensitivity and Prosocial/Aggressive Behaviors in Younge

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  1. Relationships BetweenParental Psychological Control, Rejection Sensitivity and Prosocial/Aggressive Behaviors in Younger Adolescents Yasemin Abayhan, Deniz Sahin, Orhan Aydın, Gonca Ciffiliz, Hayal Yavuz, Savas Ceylan, Alp Giray Kaya

  2. Literature Review • Recentresearchsuggeststhatsomeparentingbehaviorssuch as supportandcontrolarerelatedtoadolescent’spositiveandnegativedevelopmentaloutcomes (Been, BarberandCrane, 2006; KerrandStatin, 2000). • Parentalsupportincludesparentalbehaviorsrepresenting a well-establishedpositivedimension of parenting. • Parentalcontrolling can be conceptualized as coveringbothnegativeandpositiveparentingdimensions.

  3. Literature Review • Types of parent’scontrolattemptssuch as tocontrolthechild’sbehaviorversustocontrolthechild’s self mighthavepositiveandnegativeconsequences. Barber (1996) argues: • “Parentalcontrol” has to be separatedbytwocontroltypessuch as • “PsychologicalControl” and“BehavioralControl”

  4. Literature Review BehavioralControl • Parentalbehaviors of monitoringandregulatingadolescents’ behavior. • Providingstructure on theirfunctioning (Steiner, 2005).

  5. LiteratureReview PsychologicalControl • Intrusiveparentalpracticestotheadolescents’ autonomy. • Manipulatingtheirpsychologicalandemotionalworlds. • Utilizingemotionalstrategiestocontroladolescents’ behaviors. • Hinderingtheir self expressions. • Parentscontroltheadolescent’sinnerstate (Steiner, 2005).

  6. Literature Review • Parents’ use of psychologicalcontrolaremoststronglyrelatedtonegativedevelopmentaloutcomessuch as; • Low self-esteem • Low self-confidence • Lowacademicachievement • Identitydevelopment (BarberandBuehler, 1996; BarberandHarmon, 2002).

  7. LiteratureReview • As Steinberg (1990) stated, healthyadolescentdevelopment is associatedwithhigherlevelsof behavioralcontrolbut lowerlevels of pscyhologicalcontrol. • Inpscyhologicalcontrolparentsareusingemotionalstrategies in ordertocontroladolescents’ behaviors. • Therefore, they can inductthefeeling of guiltorthey can ignoreand minimize thewarmthandcompassionbehaviorswhich can be associatedwiththeterm of “rejectionsensitivity”.

  8. LiteratureReview What is RejectionSensitivity? • People have a tendency to avoid rejection in daily life. • Some people interpret the ambiguous negative cues as a rejection and start anxiously expect rejection and overreact to rejection (Downey et al, 2004; Romero-Canyas & Downey, 2005; Pietrzak, Downey & Ayduk, 2005).

  9. LiteratureReview • RejectionSensitivity—> “cognitive-affective processing dynamic or disposition to anxiously expect, readily perceive and react in an exaggerated manner to cues of rejection in the behavior of others” (Downey & Feldman, 1996). • Expectations of rejection facilitate subjective perceptions of rejection, which cause behaviors that evoke objective rejections, reinforcing expectations of rejection.

  10. LiteratureReview • RS stems from early experiences of both parental and peer rejection (Downey & Feldman, 1996; Pietrzak, Downey & Ayduk, 2005). • Early parental rejections which include cruelty, hostility, physical and emotional neglect and abuse are internalized by children as a legacy of rejection (Feldman &Downey, 1994).

  11. LiteratureReview • Psychologicalcontrol could be perceived as associatedwithparentalrejection it may be relatedwithrejectionsensitivity. • Sociallyexcludedpeopleeitheractprosocially in ordertogainacceptanceoractaggressivelyregaincontrol. As a negativedevelopmentaloutcomes of pscyhologicalcontrol, adolescents’ can useaggressionand/orprosocialbehavior as a coopingstrategies of bothrejectionsensitiviyandpsychologicalcontrol.

  12. TheAim of theCurrentStudy • Therefore, thecurrentstudyaimstoanswerthreequestions; 1- Doespsychologicalcontrolpredictsrejectionsensitivity? 2- Doespsychologicalcontrolandrejectionsensitivitypredictbothaggressiveandprosocialbehaviors of adolescents? 3- Doespscyhologicalcontrolandrejectionsensitivitypredictbothaggressiveandprosocialbehaviors of adolescentsaccordingtotheirsex?

  13. Method • Participantswere 297( 147F, 150M) studentsfrom 6th (96=58F, 38M) 7th (73=31F, 42M) and 8th(128=58F, 70M) gradesfrom a statejuniorhighschool.

  14. Method • Instruments • ParentalPsychologicalControlScalesMaternalandpaternal 8-itempsychologicalcontrolscaleswith a 4-pointresponse rate, developedbyBarber (1996) andadaptedtoTurkishby Sayıl andKındap (2010) wereused. CronbachAlphacoefficientsfortheTurkishversion of themother form is .89 andthefather form is .79.

  15. MethodInstruments • Children’sRejectionSensitivityQuestionnaire (CRSQ): CRSQ developedbyDowney, Lebolt, RinconandFreitas (1998) andadaptedtoTurkishbyAbayhan, Sahin,Yavuz, Aydın and Giray (2008) wasused. It is a 12 itemscalewith a 6-pointresponse rate. CronbachAlphacoefficientsfortheanxietyexpectationandangerexpectationdimensions of theTurkishversionare .89 and .79 respectively.

  16. MethodInstruments • AggressiveandProsocialBehaviorQuestionnairedevelopedbyBoxer, Tisak, Goldstein (2004) andadaptedtoTurkishby Bayraktar, Kındap, Kumru, Sayıl (underrevision) wasused. It is 25 itemscalewith a 4-pointresponse rate. Aggressivebehaviordimensionconsists of 10 items. Prosocialbehavior is consisted of altruistic, proactiveandreactiveprosocialbehaviordimensions. CronbachAlpha’s of theTurkishversionare .90 fortheaggressivebehavior, .75 forthealtruistic, .84 fortheproactiveand .78 forthereactiveprosocialbehaviordimensions.

  17. Method • Procedure -Participantsfilledoutthequestionnairesduringclass time. -Averageadministrationlastedfor 30 minutes.

  18. Results • A series of hierarchicanalyseswereperformedtoexplorethepredictiveabilities of theparentalpsychologicalcontrolvariableandtheanxietyexpectationandangerexpectationdimensions of therejectionsensitivityvariableon aggressiveandprosocialbehaviors of youngeradolescents

  19. ResearchQuestions- 1 • Doespscyhologicalcontrolpredictsrejectionsensitivity? • PredictedVariables: Angerexpectationsandanxietyexpectations • Predictor: Maternalandpaternalpsychologicalcontrol

  20. PredictedVariable: AnxietyExpectation Anxietyexpectationdimensionscores of therejectionsensitivitywerefirstregressedon • maternalpsychologicalcontrolscores andthen on the • paternalpsychologicalcontrolscores

  21. PredictedVariable: AnxietyExpectation • MultipleR wasfoundto be significant in thefirst model [R=.152, R(sqchange)=.023, F(1, 295) =6.932, p<.009]. • Theincrement in thesecond model wasalsofoundto be significant [R=.201, R(sqchange)=.018, F(1, 294)=5.365, p<.021).

  22. PredictedVariable: AnxietyExpectation • Examinationof theβ’sindicatedthatbothmaternalandpaternalpsychologicalcontrolsweresignificantpredictors of anxietyexpectation (β=.152, p<.009 and β=.169, p<.021 respectively )

  23. PredictedVariable: AngerExpectation Angerexpectationdimensionscores of therejectionsensitivitywerefirstregressedon • maternalpsychologicalcontrolscores andthen on the • paternalpsychologicalcontrolscores

  24. PredictedVariable: AngerExpectation • MultipleR wasfoundto be significant in thefirst model [R=.174, R(sqchange)=.030, F(1, 295) =9.23, p<.003]. • Theincrement in thesecond model wasalsofoundto be significant [R=.245, R(sqchange)=.030, F(1, 294)=9.278, p<.003).

  25. PredictedVariable: AngerExpectation • Examinationof theβ’sindicatedthatbothmaternalandpaternalpsychologicalcontrolsweresignificantpredictors of angerexpectation (β=.174, p<.0093 and β=.221, p<.030 respectively )

  26. Prediction of RejectionSensitivityDimensions in Girls • Neithermaternalnorpaternalcontrolpredictednone of therejectionsensitivitydimensions in girls.

  27. Prediction of Anxiety Expectation in Boys • Maternalcontrol had a significantpredictivepower [R=.231, R(sqchange)=.053, F(1, 148) =8.38, p<.004; β=.231,p<.004 ]. • Paternalcontrolalso had a significantpredictivepower (R=.287, R(sqchange)=.029, F(1, 148) =4.607, p<.033; β=.219,p<.033 ].

  28. Prediction of Anger Expectation in Boys • Maternalcontrolhad a significantpredictivepower [R=.220, R(sqchange)=.048, F(1, 148) =7.521, p<.007; β=.220,p<.007 ]. • Paternalcontrolalso had a significantpredictivepower (R=.287, R(sqchange)=.029, F(1, 148) =4.607, p<.033; β=.216,p<.037 ].

  29. ResearchQuestions- 2 and 3 • Doespsychologicalcontrolandrejectionsensitivitypredictbothaggressiveandprosocialbehaviors of adolescents? • Doespscyhologicalcontrolandrejectionsensitivitypredictbothaggressiveannprosocialbehaviors of adolescentsaccordingtotheirsex? • PredictedVariables: AgressionandProsocialBehaviors • Predictors: Maternalandpaternalpsychologicalcontrol; rejectionsensitivity (angerexpectationsandanxietyexpectations)

  30. PredictedVariable: Aggression Inthoseanalysesaggressionwasfirstregressedon • maternalandpaternalpsychologicalcontrolscores andthen on the • anxietyandangerexpectationsdimensions of rejectionsensitivityscores.

  31. PredictedVariable: Aggression • MultipleR wasfoundto be significant in thefirst model [R=.238, R(sqchange)=.057, F(2, 294) =8.859, p<.000]. • Theincrement in thesecond model wasalsofoundto be significant [R=.318, R(sqchange)=.044, F(2, 292)=7.161, p<.001).

  32. PredictedVariable: Aggression • Examinationof theβ’sindicatedthatwhilematernalpsychologicalcontrolwas a significantpredictor of aggression (β=.178,p<.015) paternalpsychologicalcontrolwas not. • Angerexpectationdimension of therejectionsensitivitywas a significantpredictor of aggressionwith a higher β (.273, <.005) where as anxietyexpectationdidnot.

  33. PredictedVariable: Aggressionin Girls • MultipleR wasfoundto be significant in thefirst model [R=.223, R(sqchange)=.050, F(2, 144) =3.777, p<.025]. • Theincrement in thesecond model wasalsofoundto be significant [R=.383, R(sqchange)=.097 F(2, 142)=8.038, p<.000).

  34. PredictedVariable: Aggressionin Girls • Examinationof theβ’sindicatedthatneithermaternalnorpaternalpsychologicalcontrolwas a significantpredictor of aggression (β=.178,p<.015). • Angerexpectationdimension of therejectionsensitivitywas a significantpredictor of aggressionwith a high β (.426, <.001).

  35. PredictedVariable: Aggressionin Boys • MultipleR wasfoundto be significant in thefirst model [R=.239, R(sq)=.057, F(2, 147) =4.455, p<.013]. • But theincrement in thesecond model was not significant. • Examination of theβ’srevealedthatmaternalpsychologicalcontrolpredictedaggression in boys (β=.248, p<.018).

  36. PredictedVariable: ProsocialBehavior Prosocialbehaviorscoreswerefirstregressedon • maternalandpaternalpsychologicalcontrolscores andthen on the • anxietyandangerexpectationsdimensions of rejectionsensitivityscores.

  37. PredictedVariable: ProsocialBehavior • MultipleR was not significant in thefirst model; hencepaternalpsychologicalcontrol had no significantpredictivepower on prosocialbehavior. • Thesecond model, had a significantpredictivepower on prosocialbehavior (R= .239, R(sqchange)=.057 F(2,292)=.001).

  38. PredictedVariable: ProsocialBehavior • Bothdimensions of rejectionsensitivitypredictedsignificantly: • whileanxietyexpectation (β=.32,p<.001) predictedpositively; • angerexpectationpredictednegatively (β= -.377,p<.001).

  39. Predicted Variable Prosocial Behavior in Girls • MultipleR wassignificantonly on thesecond model(R=.306, R(sqchange)=.081, F(2,142)=6.36, p<.002).

  40. PredictedVariable: ProsocialBehavior in Girls • Whileanxietyexpectation (β=.433,p<.001) predictedprosocialbehaviorpositively; • angerexpectationpredictednegatively(β= -.434,p<.001).

  41. PredictedVariable: ProsocialBehavior in Boys • Neitherparentalpsychologicalcontrolnorrejection of sensitivity had predictivepower on theprosocialbehavior of theboys.

  42. Discussion • Resultsindicatedthatbothmaternalandpaternalpsychologicalcontrolspredictedbothangerandanxietyexpectations. • Theseresultsshows us thatpsychologicalcontrolpredictsbothdimensions of rejectionsensitivity in general. • But renewing of theanalysisaccordingtosexdifferencesshowedthatneithermaternalnorpaternalcontrolpredictednone of therejectionsensitivitydimensions in girl. On theotherhand, bothpaternalandmaternalcontrolpredictedboy’sangerandanxietyexpectations. Theperceptiondifferencesbetweenboysandgirls can be one of theexplanationsfortheseinterestingresults. Also Sayıl andKındap (2010) foundthatboysaremuchmoresensitivetopaternalpsychologicalcontrolthangirls.

  43. Discussion • Resultsalsoindicatedthatmaternalpsychologicalcontrolandangerexpectations of adolescentspredictedaggressivebehaviors in general. • Accordingtosexdifferences, angerexpectationswasonlysignificantpredictorforgirls’ aggressivebehaviors. • On theotherhand, boys’ aggressivebehaviorswaspredictedbytheirmotherspsychologicalcontrol but none of thepredictorspredictedtheirprosocialbehavior. We can assumethat, mothersareusingpsychologicalcontrol as a preventivestrategiesfortheirsons.

  44. Discussion • Interestingly, prosocialbehaviorswereonlypredictedbyanxietyandangerexpectations of adolescents. • However, anxietyexpectations of adolescentspredictedprosocialbehaviorpositively; whereasanxietyexpectations of adolescentspredictedprosocialbehaviornegatively. Theseresultareconsistentwithresearchwhicharesummarizedthatsociallyexcludedpeopleactprosocially in ordertogainacceptance(Maner, DeWall, Baumeister, Schaller, 2007).

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