The Civil War

1. The Civil War

3. SECTION 1: Slavery and States’ Rights THE U.S. DIVIDES ALONG SECTIONAL LINES • Disagreements over slavery • North-South economic differences • Disagreements over states’ rights • Fugitive Slave Act (1850) • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Election of Abraham Lincoln (1860)

4. SECTION 1: Slavery and States’ Rights REASONS SOME TEXANS WANTED TO SECEDE • Most Texans supported slavery • After the election of Lincoln they feared slavery might be abolished

5. North UNITED STATES OF AMERICA South SECTION 1: Slavery and States’ Rights • disagreements over slavery • North-South economic differences • disagreements over states’ rights • Fugitive Slave Act (1850) • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • formation of Republican Party (1854) • Dred Scott decision (1857) • John Brown’s raid (1859) • Election of Abraham Lincoln (1860)

6. SECTION 2: The Civil War Begins TEXANS RESPOND TO THE CALL FOR ARMS • Thousands joined the Confederate Army • Others contributed by making war supplies

7. SECTION 2: The Civil War Begins TEXANS PREPARE FOR WAR • Seized federal military supplies • Established new industries including a gunpowder mill and a cannon and ammunition factory • Produced supplies and cattle, cotton, and food for the military

8. SECTION 2: The Civil War Begins MAJOR BATTLES OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE WAR • First Battle of Bull Run – July 1861 • Battle of Antietam – September 1862 • Battle of Gettysburg – June 1863 • Battle of Shiloh – April 1862 • Battle of Vicksburg – July 4, 1863

9. SECTION 2: The Civil War Begins MAIN STRATEGIES OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE WAR • North – establish a naval blockade to prevent goods and war supplies from entering or leaving Confederate ports; gain control of the Mississippi River to cut the South in two; capture Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital

10. SECTION 2: The Civil War Begins MAIN STRATEGIES OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE WAR • South – fight a defensive war and wear down the Union’s will to fight; use cotton diplomacy by denying cotton to European textile markets in hopes of persuading European countries to recognize and support the Confederacy

11. CIVIL WAR STRATEGIES North South SECTION 2: The Civil War Begins • establish a naval blockade to prevent goods and war supplies from entering or leaving Confederate ports • gain control of the Mississippi River to cut the South in two • capture Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital • fight a defensive war and wear down the Union’s will to fight • use cotton diplomacy by denying cotton to European textile markets in hopes of persuading European countries to recognize and support the Confederacy

12. SECTION 3: Campaigns in Texas and the Southwest CAMPAIGNS FOUGHT IN AND NEAR TEXAS • The New Mexico Campaign – Texas forces marched into the New Mexico territory. The desert climate made the march hard and weakened the troops. Texans retreated when they ran out of supplies • The Galveston Campaign – control of Galveston went back and forth but finally resulted in the Confederacy taking control

13. SECTION 3: Campaigns in Texas and the Southwest CAMPAIGNS FOUGHT IN AND NEAR TEXAS • The Battle of Sabine Pass – the Union planned to go through Sabine Pass to capture Houston and Galveston. A Confederate victory stopped a Union invasion of Texas. • The Coast and South Texas – Union forces wanted to stop the trade between Brownsville and Matamoros • The Red River Campaign – Confederate forces turned back the Union attack in Texas

14. Campaign Confederate Goals Outcome/Significance New Mexico Galveston Sabine Pass South Texas Red River SECTION 3: Campaigns in Texas and the Southwest gain control of the South-west and its valuable mines; gain access to Pacific ports Texas troops were forced to retreat. Union forces retained control of the Southwest. regain control of the important Texas port at Galveston Texas forces and cottonclads regained control of Galveston. stop a Union invasion of Texas up Sabine Pass Texas troops turned back the invading Union gunboats. protect border region and trade routes with Mexico Texas troops drove Union forces from the mainland. stop Union invasions up the Red River and from Arkansas Confederate forces defeated both invasions.

15. SECTION 4: The Texas Home Front LIFE FOR TEXANS DURING THE CIVIL WAR • Texans suffered many hardships • Goods were scarce and very expensive • To feed the army, crop production increased • Women and children joined the war effort by working at various tasks that supported the war effort

16. SECTION 4: The Texas Home Front CIVIL WAR AND THE DRAFT – EFFECT ON UNIONISTS • Sparked fierce opposition • Some refused to fight for either side and fled Texas to avoid the draft • Confederate officials regarded some Unionists as traitors, which resulted in martial law – rule by armed forces • Some suspected Unionists faced martial law and violence

17. Cause Cause Cause economic shortages decrease in labor force military draft Effect Effect Effect SECTION 4: The Texas Home Front Union naval block-ade prevented trade. Many goods sent to the army. Many Texas men were fighting in the war. Volunteers did not provide enough soldiers for the Confederacy. Texans used substitute items, made more items by hand, and grew more corn and wheat for the army. Women and men at home ran farms, worked in factories, and organized groups to aid in the war effort. White men between 18 and 35 had to serve (later between 17 and 50). Draft loopholes led to some opposition.

18. SECTION 5: The End of the War FINAL EVENTS AND BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR • Union forces gradually pushed Confederate forces back in 1864 • General Sherman takes Savannah, Georgia in his March to the Sea in December 1864 • General Lee surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia in April 1865 • Confederate soldiers briefly continue fighting at Palmito Ranch near Brownsville, Texas

19. Grant Pursues Lee toward Richmond 1864: Savannah Falls! South Left Devastated! December 1864: SECTION 5: The End of the War In eastern Virginia, Grant’s Union army is engaging Lee’s forces. Both sides are suffering heavy losses, but the larger Union force is keeping Lee on the defensive as it drives toward Richmond. Union forces under General Sherman have taken Savannah, Georgia. Their March to the Sea has left in its wake a trail of devastation. Confederate general Hood’s outnumbered forces were powerless to stop it.