Real Property Valuation

1. This presentation will probably involve audience discussion, which will create action items. Use PowerPoint to keep track of these action items during your presentation • In Slide Show, click on the right mouse button • Select “Meeting Minder” • Select the “Action Items” tab • Type in action items as they come up • Click OK to dismiss this box • This will automatically create an Action Item slide at the end of your presentation with your points entered. Real Property Valuation The Nature of Value Foundations of Appraisal Wayne Foss, MBA, MAI Wayne Foss Appraisals, Inc. Email: wfoss@fossconsult.com

2. Land is Unique • In Location and it’s Composition • Physically Immobile • Durable • Supply is finite • Useful to People

3. Concepts • Governmental and Legal • the focus of law is on ownership rights • Legal Definition • Land… includes not only the ground, or soil, but everything that is attached to the earth, whether by course of nature, as are trees and herbage, or by the hand of man, as are houses and other buildings. It includes not only the surface of the earth but everything under it and over it. Thus in legal theory, the surface of the earth is just part of an inverted pyramid having its tip, or apex at the center of the earth, extending outward through the surface of the earth at the boundary lines of the tract, and continuing upward to the heavens.

4. Concepts, con’t... • Geographic • Diverse physical characteristics • May be used for many purposes • Use influenced by geographic considerations • Legal • Individuals hold private rights to own and use land • public rights to shared use • Land: “The earth’s surface, both land and water, and anything that is attached to it whether by the course of nature of human hands.” • Subsurface rights • Suprasurface rights

5. Concepts, con’t... • Social • resource that all individuals share • marketable commodity • Economic • Major source of wealth

6. Concepts con’t... • Restrictions • Public right to use of the nation’s airspace • Social • Conflicts between groups with different views on land use • Highest and Best Use • Physical Characteristics • Locational Characteristics

7. Definitions • Real Estate • Physical Land and Appurtenances affixed to the land (e.g., structures) • Real Property • all interests, benefits and rights inherent in the ownership of real estate • bundle of rights • Personal Property • Moveable items not permanently affixed to, or part of, the real estate

8. Types of Real Property • Fee Simple Estate • all interests, benefits, and rights inherent in the ownership • Leased Fee Estate • an ownership interest held by a landlord • Leasehold Estate • an ownership interest held by the lessee • Life Estate • Total rights of use, occupancy and control limited to the lifetime of a designated party. • Easement • A conveyance of use, but not ownership

9. Types of Real Property, con’t... • Partial Interest • divided or undivided rights in real estate that represent less than the whole • Specialized fractional ownership • Condominium • Cooperative • Timesharing • Vertical Interest • Subsurface and air rights

10. Limitations on Ownership • Public • Police Power • the right of government under which property is regulated to protect public safety (e.g. zoning, building codes) • Escheat • Property reverts to the state when its owner dies without a will or any ascertainable heirs • Taxation • right of government to raise revenue through assessments (e.g. property tax, special assessments) • Eminent domain • right of government to take private property for public use

11. Limitations on Ownership, con’t... • Private • Deed Restriction • limitation that passes with the land regardless of the owner • Easement • access, drainage, view • Encroachment • trespassing on the domain of another • Lease • Mortgage • Lien

12. Bundle of Rights • Contains all of the interests in Real Property • Use • Sell • Lease • Enter • Give it Away • or do nothing • Each interest can be separated and traded from the bundle

13. The Practice of Appraisal • Appraisal • an opinion of value • Appraisal Consulting (Evaluation) • an analysis, recommendation, or opinion to solve a problem • Appraisal Review • an opinion about the quality of another appraiser’s work

14. Purpose and Intended Use • The purpose establishes the foundation for the final value opinion.Some examples are: • Market Value • Definitions of market value • Insurable Value • Assessed Value • Use Value • Investment Value

15. Intended Use • The intended use • the manner in which the client will employ the information contained in the appraisal. • Transfer of Ownership • Financing and Credit • Legal Claims • Tax Matters • Real Estate Taxes • Estate Planning and Taxes • Investment Counseling • Rental Surveys • Feasibility Analysis • Supply and Demand Analysis

16. Definition of Market Value The most probable price which a property should bring in a competitive and open market under all conditions requisite to a fair sale, the buyer and seller each acting prudently and knowledgeably and assuming the price is not affected by undue stimulus. Implicit in this definition is the consummation of a sale as of a specified date and the passing of title from seller to buyer under conditions whereby: 1. Buyer and seller are typically motivated; 2. Both parties are well informed or well advised, and acting in what they consider their best interests; 3. A reasonable time is allowed for exposure in the open market; 4. Payment is made in terms of cash in United States Dollars or in terms of financial arrangements comparable thereto; and 5. The price represents the normal consideration for the property sold unaffected by special or creative financing or sales concessions granted by anyone associated with the sale. Source: Federal Register vol. 55, no. 163, August 22, 1990 pages 34228 and 34229

17. InternationalDefinition of Market Value Market value is the estimated amount for which a property should exchange on the date of valuation between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an arm’s length transaction after property marketing wherein the parties had each acted knowledgeably, prudently, and without compulsion. Source: International Valuation Standards 2000, (London, 2000), 92-93

18. Factors of Value • Utility • ability of a product to satisfy a human want, need or desire • Scarcity • supply relative to demand • Desire • wish to satisfy a human need • Effective Purchasing Power • ability of an individual or group to purchase

19. Value, Price and Cost • Value • The monetary worth of a property, good or service to buyers and sellers at a given time. The present worth of future benefits that accrue to real property ownership. • Price • The amount a particular purchaser agrees to pay and a particular seller agrees to accept under the circumstances surrounding their transaction. • Cost • The total dollar expenditure for an improvement (structure).

20. Agents of Production • Land • Cost of acquisition • Labor • direct and indirect cost to construct and market the product. • Land or land and improvements • Capital • cost of capital on borrowed and equity capital invested in the project • Entrepreneurial coordination • incentive or profit (reward for the investment of time and expertise)

21. Economic Principles • Anticipation • The perception that value is created by the expectation of benefits to be derived in the future. • Residential: amenities and pleasures of ownership • Income: the income it will produce in the future • Change • The result of the cause and effect relationship among the forces that influence real property value.

22. Economic Principles, con’t... • Supply and Demand • the price of real property varies directly, but not necessarily proportionately, with demand and inversely, but not necessarily proportionately, with supply. • Supply: • usually values vary inversely with changes in supply • quantity of space supplied is slow to adjust to changes in demand • Demand: • supported by effective purchasing power results in effective demand

23. Economic Principles, con’t... • Competition • profit encourages competition • Substitution • when several similar commodities, goods, or services are available, the one with the lowest price will attract the greatest demand and widest distribution. • Balance • property value is created and sustained when contrasting, opposing or interacting elements are in a state of equilibrium.

24. Economic Principles, con’t... • Increasing and decreasing returns • successive increments of one or more agents of production added to fixed amounts of the other agents will enhance income, … until a maximum return is reached. • Contribution • value of a component is measured in terms of its contribution to the value of the whole property. • Basis of adjustments in the sales comparison approach

25. Economic Principles, con’t... • Conformity • real property value is created and sustained when the characteristics of a property conform to the demands of the market. • Basis for under or over improvement of a site • Externalities • economies outside a property have a positive effect on its value, while diseconomies outside a property have a negative effect on its value.

26. Highest and Best Use The reasonably probable and legal use of vacant land or improved property, which is physically possible, appropriately supported, financially feasible, and that results in the highest value. • Two types: • H&BU of land or a site as vacant • H&BU of property, as improved Interim Use: The temporary use to which a site or improved property is put until it is ready to be put to its future highest and best use. Consistent Use: Land can not be valued on the basis of one use while improvements are valued on the basis of another.

27. So That’sAn Introduction to Real Estate Valuation Are there any Questions? Wayne Foss, MBA, MAI, Fullerton, CA USA Phone: (714) 871-3585 Fax: (714) 871-8123 Email: wfoss@fossconsult.com