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Chapter 37

Chapter 37. The Lymphatic System and Immune Response. Lymphatic System. Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic tissues Tonsils Primary lymphatic organs Thymus and Bone marrow Secondary lymphatic organs Lymph nodes, spleen. Lymphatic System. Lymphatic System. Lymph Fluid lost from the capillaries

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Chapter 37

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  1. Chapter 37 The Lymphatic System and Immune Response

  2. Lymphatic System • Lymphatic vessels • Lymphatic tissues • Tonsils • Primary lymphatic organs • Thymus and Bone marrow • Secondary lymphatic organs • Lymph nodes, spleen

  3. Lymphatic System

  4. Lymphatic System • Lymph • Fluid lost from the capillaries • Edema • Functions of the lymphatic system: • Transport lymph to the blood vessels • Protects the body

  5. Lymphatic vessels • Lymphatic capillaries • Lymphatic collecting vessels • Lymphatic trunk • Right lymphatic duct - drains lymph from: • Head right upper extremity • Right thorax • Drains into right subclavian vein

  6. Lymphatic vessels • Thoracic duct – drains lymph from: • Rest of the body • Drains into left subclavian vein • Cisterna chyli • Characteristic of the lymphatic vessels • Walls with 3 tunics • Presence of valves • Presence of abundant anastomoses

  7. Lymphatic vessels

  8. Primary lymphoid organs • Bone marrow • Contain the stem cell that will give rise to all lymphocytes • Site of B cell differentiation or immunocompetency • Thymus • Site of T cell differentiation or immunocompetency

  9. Thymus

  10. Secondary lymphatic organs • Lymph nodes • Bean-shaped • Numerous • Regional lymph nodes: • Cervical • Axillary • Inguinal, etc • Hilus • Afferent and efferent vessels

  11. Secondary lymphatic organs • Microscopy • Capsule and subcapsular sinus • Trabecula • Cortex • Outer cortex (follicles) • Germinal center containing dividing B cells • Deep cortex or paracortical area • Contain T cells

  12. Secondary lymphatic organs • Medulla • Medullary cords • Medullary sinuses • Contain macrophages and plasma cells

  13. Secondary lymphatic organs • Spleen • Capsule • White pulp • Central artery • Lymphocytes • Red pulp • Venous sinuses • Reticular tissue • Macrophages arranged I splenic cords

  14. Spleen

  15. Lymphoid tissues • Tonsils • One pharingeal • Two palatines • Two linguals • Presence of germinal center • Presence of crypts

  16. Tonsils

  17. The immune response • It is a systemic response • Destroys or neutralizes foreign substances • Characteristics of immune responses • Memory • Immunocompetent lymphocytes are monospecific • Specificity • Ability to differentiate self from nonself

  18. The immune response • Antigens • Foreign proteins • Polysaccharides • Haptens • Lymphocytes • Responsible for the immune response • Autoimmunity

  19. Organ, cells and cell interaction of the immune response • Stem cells that give rise to the immune system arise in the bone marrow • These cells will differentiate into B or T cells • B cells will stay in the bone marrow for maturation • T cells will migrate to thymus for maturation

  20. Organ, cells and cell interaction of the immune response • B and T cells will then become immunocompetent • Specific cell-surface proteins that enable lymphocytes to bind to a particular antigen • B and T cell will then leave bone marrow and thymus, enter the blood stream and travel to secondary lymphatic organs • Site for clonal selection

  21. Organ, cells and cell interaction of the immune response • B and T cell will bind to specific antigens and then undergo to clonal multiplication • B cell may become • Memory • Plasma cell • Humoral immunity

  22. Organ, cells and cell interaction of the immune response • T cell may become • Memory • Cytotoxic • Helper • Supressor • Cellular immunity

  23. Antibodies and tests for their presence • Characteristics of antibodies or Immunoglobulins (Igs) • Produced by plasma cells • They are plasma proteins (gamaglobulins) • Found in all body secretions

  24. Antibodies and tests for their presence • Classes of antibodies • IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE • Structure of the immunoglobulins • 4 monomers • Linked together by disulfide bridges • 2 heavy chains • 2 light chains

  25. Antibody

  26. Antibodies and tests for their presence • Heavy chains • Constant region (C) • Same amino acid sequence • Two of them • Variable region (V) • Different in all Igs • Formed in response to the antigens • Site for binding specific antigens

  27. Antibodies and tests for their presence • Light chain • Constant region • Variable region • Immunoglobulins have a Y shape • Tests using antigen-antibody • Blood typing, pregnancy, Elisa (detects antigen or antibodies)

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