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Low Carbon Strategies : Experience of the University of East Anglia

C Red. Carbon Reduction. Visit by Representatives of Norwegian Municipalities 11 th September 2008. Low Carbon Strategies : Experience of the University of East Anglia. Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 5 th October 2007. N.K. Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv

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Low Carbon Strategies : Experience of the University of East Anglia

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  1. CRed Carbon Reduction Visit by Representatives of Norwegian Municipalities 11th September 2008 Low Carbon Strategies: Experience of the University of East Anglia Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 5th October 2007 N.K. Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук Energy Science DirectorCRedProject HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

  2. Teaching wall Library Student residences Original buildings

  3. Nelson Court Constable Terrace

  4. Low Energy Educational Buildings Medical School Phase 2 ZICER Elizabeth Fry Building Nursing and Midwifery School Medical School

  5. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. 5

  6. Conservation: management improvements – User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in 6

  7. ZICER Building Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust. • Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. • Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor 7

  8. The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices 8

  9. Operation of Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Mechanically ventilated using hollow core slabs as air supply ducts. Incoming air into the AHU

  10. Operation of Main Building Filter Heater Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs Air enters the internal occupied space

  11. Space for future chilling Return air passes through the heat exchanger Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Out of the building Return stale air is extracted

  12. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat Winter Day

  13. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cool air Cool air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. In late afternoon heating is turned off. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room Winter Night

  14. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cold air Cold air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. night ventilation/ free cooling Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day Summer night

  15. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning Summer day

  16. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements 800 350 Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

  17. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER as built compared to other heating/cooling strategies Naturally Ventilated 221508GJ Air Conditioned 384967GJ As Built 209441GJ Materials Production Materials Transport On site construction energy Workforce Transport Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy Functional Energy Refurbishment Energy Demolition Energy 28% 54% 34% 51% 29% 61%

  18. ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor • Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV • Windows are semi transparent • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays 18

  19. Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected. As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive 19

  20. Use of PV generated energy Peak output is 34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach 20

  21. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Engine Generator 36% Electricity Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP 61% Flue Losses 36%efficient 21

  22. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 86%efficient Engine heat Exchanger 22

  23. UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

  24. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

  25. Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer 25

  26. Conversion Efficiency Improvements High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Compressor Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Normal Chilling 26

  27. Conversion Efficiency Improvements Heat from external source High Temperature High Pressure High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Desorber Heat Exchanger Condenser Throttle Valve W ~ 0 Evaporator Absorber Low Temperature Low Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Adsorption Chilling 27

  28. A 1 MW Adsorption chiller • Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP • Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer • Will reduce electricity demand in summer • Will increase electricity generated locally • Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually 28

  29. The Future: Advanced Gasifier Biomass CHP Plant UEA has grown by over 40% since 2000 and energy demand is increasing. • New Biomass Plant will provide an extra 1.4MWe , and 2MWth • Will produce gas from waste wood which is then used as fuel for CHP plant • Under 7 year payback • Local wood fuel from waste wood and local sustainable sources • Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by a further 35%

  30. Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

  31. At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai On average each person in UK causes the emission of over 9 tonnes of CO2 each year. In Norway 8 tonnes per person How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like? 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. 5 hot air balloons per person per year. In the developing world, the average is under 1 balloon per person "Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little." Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797) School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya

  32. A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future for business • Awareness Management Offsetting Green Tariffs Renewable Energy Technical Measures

  33. Sharing the Expertise of the University World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management First cohort January 2008 A partnership between The Norwich Business School and the 5** School of Environmental Sciences

  34. Conclusions • Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more, but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years. • Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat recovery is important. • Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more. • Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of electricity use in building to get the optimum value. • Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly • Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum utilisation of CHP plant. • Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings • The Future for UEA: Biomass CHP Wind Turbines? "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading." LaoTzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

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