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CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception. Jiajia Liu School of Computer Science and Technology Xidian University No. 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, CHINA Fax: 029-8820-4730 Tel : 029-8820-4730 http://web.xidian.edu.cn/jjliu/en/index.html.

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CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

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  1. CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception Jiajia Liu School of Computer Science and Technology Xidian University No. 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, CHINA Fax: 029-8820-4730 Tel: 029-8820-4730 http://web.xidian.edu.cn/jjliu/en/index.html CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  2. Wireless Sensor Networks “One of the 10 technologies that will change the world”, MIT Technology Review, 2003 CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  3. CHAPTER 1: Introduction CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  4. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN) ARCHITECTURE Sink Internet, Satellite, UAV Sink Task Manager I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, “Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey”,Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, March 2002. CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  5. CHARACTERISTICS OF WSNs • Envisioned to consist of very large number of nodes, often in the order of thousands • Nodes need to be close to each other • Densities as high as 20 nodes/m3 • Asymmetric flow of information, from sensor nodes to sink • Communications are triggered by queries or events • Limited amount of energy (in many applications, it is impossible to replace or recharge) CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  6. CHARACTERISTICS OF WSNs • Mostly static topology • Low cost, size, and weight per node • Prone to failures • More use of broadcast communications instead of point-to-point • Nodes do not have a global ID such as an IP address • The security, both on physical and communication level, is more limited than in classical wireless networks CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  7. DIFFERENCES FROM AD-HOC NETWORKS • Number of sensor nodes can be several orders of magnitude higher • Sensor nodes are densely deployed and are prone to failures • The topology of a sensor network may change frequently due to node failure and node mobility • Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational capacities, and memory • May not have global ID like IP address • Need tight integration with sensing tasks CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  8. Location Finding System Mobilizer Transceiver Sensor ADC Processor Memory ANTENNA Power Unit Sensor Node Hardware • Small • Low power • Low bit rate • High density • Low cost (dispensable) • Autonomous • Adaptive SENSING UNIT PROCESSING UNIT CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  9. Sensor Node Hardware • Two main components • Base (Processor + Transceiver) • Sensor Board • Base + Sensor Board(s) = Sensor Node CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  10. SENSOR NETWORK TESTBED CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  11. Sensor Motes Timeline CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  12. Examples for Sensor Nodes Dust Smart Dust Rockwell WINS JPL Sensor Webs CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  13. Examples for Sensor Nodes Rene Mote Dot Mote weC Mote MICA Mote CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  14. CURRENT PLATFORMS High-End High processing power Low energy efficiency High data rate Low-End Low processing power High energy efficiency Low data rate CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  15. Current Platforms: Low-end • Mica2DOT (2003) • 16Kb program mem • RFM TR1000 (CSMA/ASK) • Lightweight and small • Mica2 & Cricket platform (2003) • 128Kb program mem • ChipconCC1000 (CSMA/FSK) • 40Khz Ultrasounders (Cricket only) • MicaZ (2004) & Telos (2005) • 802.15.4/Zigbee stack • Spread Spectrum radio handles multipath better • Integrated antenna (Telos only) CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  16. Current Platforms: High-end • Imote (2003) & Imote2 (2007) • Higher processing power • Bluetooth & 802.11 capable (Imote2 only) • Stargate (2005) & Stargate 2.0 • Pentium class processor • Linux OS => easy development (C/C++) • Higher processing capabilities => energy intensive • 802.11 capable CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  17. SENSOR NODE FEATURESProcessing and Storage * Multiple processor speed levels # Imote, Stargate, and Imote2 use a single Flash for program and measurement data ‡ Imote, Imote2, and Telos use SRAM; Mica2 and MicaZ use EEPROM; Stargate uses SDRAM ◊ Imote2 will have different versions, SRAM changes accordingly CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  18. SENSOR NODE FEATURESCommunication and Power Δ With external Bluetooth adapter • With external WLAN adapter @ Different sleep levels Stargate communication and power properties depend on the connected module (Mica2,MicaZ sensors or WLAN) Stargate powered by 5-6V DC or A/C adaptor CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  19. MICAz Platform Antenna • Microprocessor: Atmel ATmega128L • 7.3728 MHz clock • 128 kB of Flash for program memory • 4 kB of SRAM for data and variables • 2 UARTs (Universal Asynchronous Receive and Transmit) • Serial Port Interface (SPI) bus • Dedicated hardware I2C bus • Radio: Chipcon’s CC2420 (IEEE 802.15.4) • 250 kbit/s • External serial flash memory: 512 Kb • xbow estimates > 100000 samples • 51-pin expansion connector • Eight 10-bit analog I/O • 21 general purpose digital I/O • User interface: 3 programmable LEDs • Powered by two AA batteries • 1850 mAh capacity MMCX connector Logger Flash ATMega128L controller Analog I/O Digital I/O 51-Pin Expansion Connector Freq. Tunable Radio LEDs CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  20. Telos Platform • Robust • USB interface • Integrated antenna (30m-125m) • External antenna capability (~500m) • High Performance • 10kB RAM, 48 KB ROM • 12-bit ADC and DAC (200ksamples/sec) • Hardware link-layer encryption CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  21. Telos Platform • Single board philosophy • Robustness, Ease of use, Lower Cost • Integrated Humidity & Temperature sensor • Uses 802.15.4 • CC2420 radio, 2.4 GHz, 250 kbps • Motorola HCS08 processor • Lower power consumption, 1.8V operation, faster wakeup time • 40 MHz CPU clock, 10K RAM; 48K Flash • 50m indoor; 125m outdoor ranges CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  22. SunSPOT Platform • Microprocessor: 32 bit ARM920T core • 180 MHz clock • 512 kB of Flash for program memory • 4 MB of Flash for data • USB Connection • Radio: Chipcon’s CC2420 (IEEE 802.15.4) • 250 kbit/s • 3.7V rechargeable 720 mAh lithium-ion battery • Software: Squawk VM • Fully capable J2ME CLDC 1.1 Java VM with OS functionality • VM executes directly out of flash memory • Device drivers in Java • Automatic battery management CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  23. SENSOR NETWORKS FEATURES • APPLICATIONS: • Military, Environmental, Health, Home, Space Exploration, • Chemical Processing, Volcanoes, Mining, Disaster Relief…. • SENSOR TYPES: • Seismic, Low Sampling Rate Magnetic, Thermal, Visual, Infrared, Acoustic, • Radar… • SENSOR TASKS: • Temperature, Humidity, Vehicular Movement, Lightning Condition, • Pressure, Soil Makeup, Noise Levels, Presence or Absence of Certain Types of • Objects, Mechanical Stress Levels on Attached Objects, Current Characteristics • (Speed, Direction, Size) of an Object …. CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  24. Sensor Types • Light • Thermopile • Ultraviolet • IR • Visible Light • Color sensors • Magnetic • Sound • Ultrasound • Accelerometer • Temperature • Pressure • Humidity • Touch sensors Sounder Temperature Light Accelerometer 1.25 in Magnetometer 2.25 in Microphone CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  25. Application Layer Transport Layer Task Management Plane Mobility Management Plane Network Layer Power Management Plane Link Layer Physical Layer PROTOCOL STACK CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

  26. PROTOCOL STACK CS5602: Principles and Techniques for Sensors and Information Perception

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